TWAGIRAMUNGU,
hari ikintu abanyarwanda bamwe basa n'aho bashaka kwiyibagiza: izo manipulations zakozwe, zaba zarakozwe na USA, UK cyangwa France, zaje zuririra ku bucucu n'ubushishozi buke by'abayoboraga u Rwanda kiriya gihe. Habyarimana iyo atubakira politiki ye ku irondakoko n'irondakarere, iyo aza kugira politiki nziza ibanisha abanyarwanda neza, ayo kubacamo ibice, ibintu byari kugenda ukundi.
Ngabo
P.S.: Ko twembi turi abanyarwanda, waretse tukaganira mu kinyarwanda? (nakubazaga, singutegeka)
Kandi uzibuke no guca inkoni izamba. Igihano wampaye nkimazemo igihe kirekire (n'ubwo bwose ntazi icyo nzira!)
----- Original Nachricht ----
Von: Democracy&Human Rights <
mailto:itwagira%40yahoo.fr>
An: "
mailto:democracy_human_rights%40yahoogroupes.fr" <
mailto:democracy_human_rights%40yahoogroupes.fr>
Datum: 03.06.2013 14:21
Betreff: *DHR* Re: Aw: Re: (TO NGABO)The US was behind the Rwandan Genocide: Installing a US Protectorate in Central Africa
>
>
> Mr. NGABO,
> Such a research is very important to know what really happened. We're enough
> educated to see where manipulation can occur. We have to promote capacity of
> negotiation, simplicity and mutual understanding.
> I don't find where you see manipulation or propaganda where you recognize
> you haven' t yet read the whole document.
> It's a very bad habit for Rwandans to comment or criticise without full
> information. I didn't expect such behaviour from you with all the respect
> you deserve on this forum. I
> I confirm the lack of a Nation and STATESMAN or WOMAN following my own
> experience and analysis of the ""very young "independent" state"" that is
> Rwanda. I'm convinced Rwandans are able to work on it and succeed.
>
> UT UNUM SINT
>
> Maître Innocent TWAGIRAMUNGU, DHR FOUNDER&OWNER
>
http://fr.groups.yahoo.com/group/democracy_human_rights >
>
> " BE NICE TO PEOPLE ON YOUR WAY UP, BECAUSE YOU MIGHT MEET THEM ON YOUR WAY
> DOWN." Jimmy DURANTE.
>
> COMBATTONS la haine SANS complaisance, PARTOUT et avec Toute ENERGIE!!!!!!
> Let's rather prefer P.L.H.L ,Peace, Love , Hope and Life, and get together
> as one!!!
> Inno TWAGIRA
>
>
> ________________________________
> De : "
mailto:ngabo%40arcor.de" <
mailto:ngabo%40arcor.de>
> À :
mailto:itwagira%40yahoo.fr;
mailto:democracy_human_rights%40yahoogroupes.fr > Envoyé le : Lundi 3 juin 2013 13h38
> Objet : Aw: Re: The US was behind the Rwandan Genocide: Installing a US
> Protectorate in Central Africa
>
>
> "This research is very serious. I notice you don't find anything wrong."
>
> TWAGIRAMUNGU,
>
> nagira ngo nkubwire ko ntigeze nkora analyse y'iyi research watwoherereje.
> Yewe, nta n'ubwo nayisomye yose, kuko nta gihe nabiboneye (nzayisoma yose
> nitonze, nimbibonera akanya). Kuvuga rero ko nta kosa naba nayibonyemo,
> sibyo. Ishobora kuba irimo amakosa ntabonye.
>
> Ikindi, iyi research n'ibindi bisa nkayo byayibanjirije, kugeza ubu ntacyo
> byamariye abanyarwanda. Ahubwo wagira ngo ni "moyens/méthodes rusés"
> bakoresha, kugira ngo dukomeze duhangane, turyane. Ibi rero uvuga ngo "We
> need a real STATEMAN Or WOMAN to make PEACE and Reconcile ALL Rwandans",
> ntidushobora kubigeraho, igihe cyose dusamira hejuru manipulations na za
> propagandes diffamatoires ziturutse impande zose!!!
>
> Ngabo
>
> ----- Original Nachricht ----
> Von: itwagira <
mailto:itwagira%40yahoo.fr>
> An:
mailto:Democracy_Human_Rights%40yahoogroupes.fr > Datum: 03.06.2013 13:26
> Betreff: *DHR* Re : The US was behind the Rwandan Genocide: Installing a US
> Protectorate in Central Africa
>
> >
> >
> > Mr. NGABO,
> >
> > I do totally disagree with you.
> >
> > This research is very serious. I notice you don't find anything wrong.
> >
> > As far as your point of view about the strategy of the Rwandan
> opposition
> > is concerned, I'm not qualified to answer for it.
> >
> > By the way, let's recall the statement of John Foster Dulles,the US
> > Secretary of State under Republican President Dwight D. Eisenhower from
> 1953
> > to 1959: "The United States of America does not have friends; it has
> > interests."
> >
> > Therefore, be careful when you jump so quicklly to the Mapping Report
> with
> > baseless allegations.
> >
> > We'd rather move to build a Nation and drop down ouw selfish small
> > interets. We need a real STATEMAN Or WOMAN to make PEACE and Reconcile
> ALL
> > Rwandans with their "sad history". Foreigners would then have serious
> > difficulties for manipulation.
> >
> >
> > Best regards,
> > Innocent TWAGIRAMUNGU
> >
> >
> > --- Dans
mailto:Democracy_Human_Rights%40yahoogroupes.fr, ngabo@... a écrit :
> > >
> > > Maître Innocent TWAGIRAMUNGU,
> > >
> > > inyandiko utwoherereje iragira iti: "The civil war in Rwanda and the
> > ethnic massacres were an integral part of US foreign policy, carefully
> > staged in accordance with precise strategic and economic objectives."
> > >
> > > Supposons que ibi byanditse muri iyi nteruro ari byo. Byaba bitangaje
> > cyane rero kumva abanyarwanda bamwe (opozisiyo) bahamagarira abanyamerika
> > kubafasha gukuraho Kagame!!! Ubwo se twaba tuva he, twaba tujya he?
> > >
> > > Ngabo
> > >
> > > P.S.: Ese "Mapping report" yo ntiyaba iri mu murongo wa "US foreign
> > policy"? Kusamira hejuru ibiyanditsemo se, ntibyaba ari "uguhungira
> ubwayi
> > mu kigunda"???
> > >
> > > ----- Original Nachricht ----
> > > Von: Democracy&Human Rights <itwagira@...>
> > > An: - - Africadailly <
mailto:africadaily3%40yahoogroups.com>, - Africaforum
> > <
mailto:Africaforum%40yahoogroupes.fr>, DEBOUTCONGOLAIS
> > <
mailto:debout_congolais1-proprietaire%40yahoogroupes.fr>, - DHR
> > <
mailto:democracy_human_rights%40yahoogroupes.fr>, - - Forum Banyarwanda
> > <
mailto:fondationbanyarwanda%40yahoogroupes.fr>, - Great Lakkes
> > <
mailto:great-lakes%40yahoogroups.com>, - NewsKgl-Bxl
> <
mailto:NewsKGL-BXL%40yahoogroupes.fr>,
> > - Rwanda-l <
mailto:rwanda-l%40yahoogroups.com>, - Rwandanet
> > <
mailto:rwandanet%40yahoogroups.com>, - URWANDA RWACU
> > <
mailto:uRwanda_rwacu%40yahoogroups.com>, - Congo <
mailto:congo%40yahoogroupes.fr>, Congo
> > <
mailto:congokin-tribune%40yahoogroupes.fr>
> > > Datum: 03.06.2013 12:22
> > > Betreff: *DHR* The US was behind the Rwandan Genocide: Installing a US
> > Protectorate in Central Africa
> > >
> > > >
http://globalresearch.ca/articles/CHO305A.html > > > >
> > > > The US was behind the Rwandan
> > > > Genocide:
> > > > Rwanda: Installing a US
> > > > Protectorate in Central Africa
> > > > by Michel Chossudovsky
> > > > www.globalresearch.ca 8 May
> > > > 2003
> > > > The URL of this article is:
> >
http://globalresearch.ca/articles/CHO305A.html > > > >
> > > > Originally written in May 2000, the following
> > > > text is Part II of Chapter 7 entitled "Economic Genocide in Rwanda",
> of
> > the
> > > >
> > > > Second Edition of The Globalization of
> > > > Poverty and the New World Order , Global Outlook, Shanty Bay, Ont.
> > > > 2003.This text updates the author's analysis on
> > > > Rwanda written in 1995 , which was published in the first edition of
> > > > Globalization of Poverty, TWN and Zed Books, Penang and London, 1997.
> To
> >
> > > > order the Second Edition of The Globalization
> > > > of Poverty, click here .
> > > > This text is in part based on the results of
> > > > a study conducted by the author together with Belgian economist
> Pierre
> > > > Galand on
> > > > the use of Rwanda's 1990-94 external debt to finance the military and
>
> > > > paramilitary.
> > > >
> > > > >________________________________
> > > > > The civil war in Rwanda and the ethnic
> > > > massacres were an integral part of US foreign policy, carefully
> staged
> > in
> > > > accordance with precise strategic and economic objectives.
> > > > >________________________________
> > > > >
> > > > >From the outset of the Rwandan civil war in
> > > > 1990, Washington's hidden agenda consisted in establishing an
> American
> > > > sphere of
> > > > influence in a region historically dominated by France and Belgium.
> > > > America's design was to displace France by supporting the Rwandan
> > Patriotic
> > > >
> > > > Front and by arming and equipping its military arm, the Rwandan
> > Patriotic
> > > > Army
> > > > (RPA)
> > > > >From the mid-1980s, the Kampala government
> > > > under President Yoweri Musaveni had become Washington's African
> > showpiece of
> > > >
> > > > "democracy". Uganda had also become a launchpad for US sponsored
> > guerilla
> > > > movements into the Sudan, Rwanda and the Congo. Major General Paul
> > Kagame
> > > > had
> > > > been head of military intelligence in the Ugandan Armed Forces; he
> had
> > been
> > > >
> > > > trained at the U.S. Army Command and Staff College (CGSC) in
> > Leavenworth,
> > > > Kansas
> > > > which focuses on warfighting and military strategy. Kagame returned
> from
> >
> > > > Leavenworth to lead the RPA, shortly after the 1990 invasion.
> > > > >Prior to the outbreak of the Rwandan civil
> > > > war, the RPA was part of the Ugandan Armed Forces. Shortly prior to
> the
> > > > October
> > > > 1990 invasion of Rwanda, military labels were switched. From one day
> to
> > the
> > > >
> > > > next, large numbers of Ugandan soldiers joined the ranks of the
> Rwandan
> >
> > > > Patriotic Army (RPA). Throughout the civil war, the RPA was supplied
> > from
> > > > United
> > > > People's Defense Forces (UPDF) military bases inside Uganda. The Tutsi
>
> > > > commissioned officers in the Ugandan army took over positions in the
> > RPA.
> > > > The
> > > > October 1990 invasion by Ugandan forces was presented to public
> opinion
> > as a
> > > > war
> > > > of liberation by a Tutsi led guerilla army.Militarization of Uganda
> > > > >The militarization of Uganda was an integral
> > > > part of US foreign policy. The build-up of the Ugandan UPDF Forces
> and
> > of
> > > > the
> > > > Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA) had been supported by the US and
> Britain.
> > The
> > > > British had provided military training at the Jinja military base:
> > > > >"From 1989 onwards, America supported joint
> > > > RPF [Rwandan Patriotic Front]-Ugandan attacks upon Rwanda... There
> were
> > at
> > > > least
> > > > 56 'situation reports' in [US] State Department files in 1991? As
> > American
> > > > and
> > > > British relations with Uganda and the RPF strengthened, so
> hostilities
> > > > between
> > > > Uganda and Rwanda escalated? By August 1990 the RPF had begun
> preparing
> > an
> > > > invasion with the full knowledge and approval of British intelligence.
>
> > > > 20
> > > > >Troops from Rwanda's RPA and Uganda's UPDF had
> > > > also supported John Garang's People's Liberation Army in its
> > secessionist
> > > > war in
> > > > southern Sudan. Washington was firmly behind these initiatives with
> > covert
> > > > support provided by the CIA. 21
> > > > >Moreover, under the Africa Crisis
> > > > Reaction Initiative (ACRI), Ugandan
> > > > officers were also being trained by US Special Forces in
> collaboration
> > with
> > > > a
> > > > mercenary outfit, Military
> > > > Professional Resources Inc (MPRI) which was on contract with the US
> > > > Department of State. MPRI had provided similar training to the Kosovo
> > > > Liberation
> > > > Army (KLA) and the Croatian Armed Forces during the Yugoslav civil
> war
> > and
> > > > more
> > > > recently to the Colombian Military in the context of Plan
> > > > Colombia.Militarization and the Ugandan External
> > > > Debt
> > > > >The buildup of the Ugandan external debt under
> > > > President Musaveni coincided chronologically with the Rwandan and
> > Congolese
> > > >
> > > > civil wars. With the accession of Musaveni to the presidency in 1986,
> > the
> > > > Ugandan external debt stood at 1.3 billion dollars. With the gush of
> > fresh
> > > > money, the external debt spiraled overnight, increasing almost
> threefold
> > to
> > > > 3.7
> > > > billion by 1997. In fact, Uganda had no outstanding debt to the World
> > Bank
> > > > at
> > > > the outset of its "economic recovery program". By 1997, it owed
> almost
> > 2
> > > > billion
> > > > dollars solely to the World Bank. 22
> > > > >Where did the money go? The foreign
> > > > loans to the Musaveni government had been tagged to support the
> > country's
> > > > economic and social reconstruction. In the wake of a protracted civil
> > war,
> > > > the
> > > > IMF sponsored "economic stabilization program" required massive
> budget
> > cuts
> > > > of
> > > > all civilian programs.
> > > > >The World Bank was responsible for monitoring
> > > > the Ugandan budget on behalf of the creditors. Under the "public
> > expenditure
> > > >
> > > > review" (PER), the government was obliged to fully reveal the precise
> > > > allocation
> > > > of its budget. In other words, every single category of expenditure
> > > > --including the budget of the Ministry of Defense-- was open to
> scrutiny
> > by
> > > > the
> > > > World Bank. Despite the austerity measures (imposed solely on
> "civilian"
> >
> > > > expenditures), the donors had allowed defense spending to increase
> > without
> > > > impediment.
> > > > >Part of the money tagged for civilian programs
> > > > had been diverted into funding the United People's Defense Force
> (UPDF)
> > > > which in
> > > > turn was involved in military operations in Rwanda and the Congo. The
> > > > Ugandan
> > > > external debt was being used to finance these military operations on
> > behalf
> > > > of
> > > > Washington with the country and its people ultimately footing the
> bill.
> > In
> > > > fact
> > > > by curbing social expenditures, the austerity measures had
> facilitated
> > the
> > > > reallocation of State of revenue in favor of the Ugandan military.
> > > > >Financing both Sides in the Civil
> > > > War
> > > > >A similar process of financing military
> > > > expenditure from the external debt had occurred in Rwanda under the
> > > > Habyarimana government. In a cruel irony, both sides in the civil war
> > were
> > > > financed by the same donors institutions with the World Bank acting as
> a
> >
> > > > Watchdog.
> > > > >The Habyarimana regime had at its disposal an
> > > > arsenal of military equipment, including 83mm missile launchers,
> French
> > made
> > > >
> > > > Blindicide, Belgian and German made light weaponry, and automatic
> > weapons
> > > > such
> > > > as kalachnikovs made in Egypt, China and South Africa [as well as ...
> > > > armored
> > > > AML-60 and M3 armored vehicles.23 While part of these purchases had
> been
> >
> > > > financed by direct military aid from France, the influx of
> development
> > loans
> > > >
> > > > from the World Bank's soft lending affiliate the International
> > Development
> > > > Association (IDA), the African Development Fund (AFD), the European
> > > > Development
> > > > Fund (EDF) as well as from Germany, the United States, Belgium and
> > Canada
> > > > had
> > > > been diverted into funding the military and Interhamwe militia.
> > > > >A detailed investigation of government files,
> > > > accounts and correspondence conducted in Rwanda in 1996-97 by the
> author
> >
> > > > --together with Belgian economist Pierre Galand-- confirmed that many
> of
> > the
> > > >
> > > > arms purchases had been negotiated outside the framework of
> government
> > to
> > > > government military aid agreements through various intermediaries and
> > > > private
> > > > arms dealers. These transactions --recorded as bona fide government
> > > > expenditures-- had nonetheless been included in the State budget
> which
> > was
> > > > under
> > > > the supervision of the World Bank. Large quantities of machetes and
> > other
> > > > items
> > > > used in the 1994 ethnic massacres --routinely classified as "civilian
>
> > > > commodities" -- had been imported through regular trading channels.
> > > > 24
> > > > >According to the files of the National Bank of
> > > > Rwanda (NBR), some of these imports had been financed in violation of
> > > > agreements
> > > > signed with the donors. According to NBR records of import invoices,
> > > > approximately one million machetes had been imported through various
> > > > channels
> > > > including Radio Mille Collines, an organization linked to the
> > Interhamwe
> > > > militia
> > > > and used to foment ethnic hatred. 25
> > > > >The money had been earmarked by the donors to
> > > > support Rwanda's economic and social development. It was clearly
> > stipulated
> > > > that
> > > > funds could not be used to import: "military expenditures on arms,
> > > > ammunition
> > > > and other military material". 26 In fact, the loan agreement with the
> > World
> > > >
> > > > Bank's IDA was even more stringent. The money could not be used to
> > import
> > > > civilian commodities such as fuel, foodstuffs, medicine, clothing and
> > > > footwear
> > > > "destined for military or paramilitary use". The records of the NBR
> > > > nonetheless confirm that the Habyarimana government used World Bank
> > money to
> > > >
> > > > finance the import of machetes which had been routinely classified as
> > > > imports of
> > > > "civilian commodities." 27
> > > > >An army of consultants and auditors had been
> > > > sent in by World Bank to assess the Habyarimana government's "policy
> > > > performance" under the loan agreement.28 The use of donor funds to
> > import
> > > > machetes and other material used in the massacres of civilians did
> not
> > show
> > > > up
> > > > in the independent audit commissioned by the government and the World
> > Bank.
> > > >
> > > > (under the IDA loan agreement. (IDA Credit Agreement. 2271-RW).29 In
> > 1993,
> > > > the
> > > > World Bank decided to suspend the disbursement of the second
> installment
> > of
> > > > its
> > > > IDA loan. There had been, according to the World Bank mission
> > unfortunate
> > > > "slip-ups" and "delays" in policy implementation. The free market
> > reforms
> > > > were
> > > > no longer "on track", the conditionalities --including the
> privatization
> > of
> > > >
> > > > state assets-- had not been met. The fact that the country was
> involved
> > in a
> > > >
> > > > civil war was not even mentioned. How the money was spent was never an
>
> > > > issue.30
> > > > >Whereas the World Bank had frozen the second
> > > > installment (tranche) of the IDA loan, the money granted in 1991 had
> > been
> > > > deposited in a Special Account at the Banque Bruxelles Lambert in
> > Brussels.
> > > > This
> > > > account remained open and accessible to the former regime (in exile),
> > two
> > > > months
> > > > after the April 1994 ethnic massacres.31
> > > > >Postwar Cover-up
> > > > >In the wake of the civil war, the World Bank
> > > > sent a mission to Kigali with a view to drafting a so-called loan
> > > > "Completion
> > > > Report".32 This was a routine exercise, largely focussing on
> > macro-economic
> > > >
> > > > rather than political issues. The report acknowledged that"the war
> > > > effort prompted the [former] government to increase substantially
> > spending,
> > > > well
> > > > beyond the fiscal targets agreed under the SAP.33 The
> misappropriation
> > of
> > > > World
> > > > Bank money was not mentioned. Instead the Habyarimana government was
> > praised
> > > > for
> > > > having "made genuine major efforts-- especially in 1991-- to reduce
> > domestic
> > > >
> > > > and external financial imbalances, eliminate distortions hampering
> > export
> > > > growth
> > > > and diversification and introduce market based mechanisms for resource
>
> > > > allocation..." 34, The massacres of civilians were not mentioned;
> from
> > the
> > > > point of view of the donors, "nothing had happened". In fact the
> World
> > Bank
> > > >
> > > > completion report failed to even acknowledge the existence of a civil
> > war
> > > > prior
> > > > to April 1994.In the wake of the Civil War: Reinstating the
> > > > IMF's Deadly Economic Reforms
> > > > >In 1995, barely a year after the 1994
> > > > ethnic massacres. Rwanda's external creditors entered into
> discussions
> > with
> > > > the
> > > > Tutsi led RPF government regarding the debts of the former regime
> which
> > had
> > > > been
> > > > used to finance the massacres. The RPF decided to fully recognize the
> > > > legitimacy
> > > > of the "odious debts" of the 1990-94. RPF strongman Vice-President
> Paul
> > > > Kagame
> > > > [now President] instructed the Cabinet not to pursue the matter nor
> to
> > > > approach
> > > > the World Bank. Under pressure from Washington, the RPF was not to
> > enter
> > > > into
> > > > any form of negotiations, let alone an informal dialogue with the
> > > > donors.
> > > > >The legitimacy of the wartime debts was never
> > > > questioned. Instead, the creditors had carefully set up procedures to
> > ensure
> > > >
> > > > their prompt reimbursement. In 1998 at a special donors' meeting in
> > > > Stockholm, a
> > > > Multilateral Trust Fund of 55.2 million dollars was set up under the
> > banner
> > > > of
> > > > postwar reconstruction.35 In fact, none of this money was destined
> for
> > > > Rwanda.
> > > > It had been earmarked to service Rwanda's "odious debts" with the
> World
> > Bank
> > > >
> > > > (--i.e. IDA debt), the African Development Bank and the International
> > Fund
> > > > for
> > > > Agricultural Development (IFAD).
> > > > >In other words, "fresh money" --which Rwanda
> > > > will eventually have to reimburse-- was lent to enable Rwanda to
> service
> > the
> > > >
> > > > debts used to finance the massacres. Old loans had been swapped for
> new
> > > > debts
> > > > under the banner of post-war reconstruction.36 The "odious debts" had
> > been
> > > > whitewashed, they had disappeared from the books. The creditor's
> > > > responsibility
> > > > had been erased. Moreover, the scam was also conditional upon the
> > acceptance
> > > > of
> > > > a new wave of IMF-World Bank reforms.Post War "Reconstruction and
> > > > Reconciliation"
> > > > >Bitter economic medicine was imposed under the
> > > > banner of "reconstruction and reconciliation". In fact the IMF
> > post-conflict
> > > >
> > > > reform package was far stringent than that imposed at the outset of
> the
> > > > civil
> > > > war in 1990. While wages and employment had fallen to abysmally low
> > levels,
> > > > the
> > > > IMF had demanded a freeze on civil service wages alongside a massive
> > > > retrenchment of teachers and health workers. The objective was to
> > "restore
> > > > macro-economic stability". A downsizing of the civil service was
> > launched.37
> > > >
> > > > Civil service wages were not to exceed 4.5 percent of GDP, so-called
> > > > "unqualified civil servants" (mainly teachers) were to be removed
> from
> > the
> > > > State
> > > > payroll. 38
> > > > >Meanwhile, the country's per capita income had collapsed
> > > > from $360 (prior to the war) to $140 in 1995. State revenues had been
> > tagged
> > > > to
> > > > service the external debt. Kigali's Paris Club debts were rescheduled
> in
> >
> > > > exchange for "free market" reforms. Remaining State assets were sold
> off
> > to
> > > >
> > > > foreign capital at bargain prices.
> > > > >The Tutsi led RPF government rather than
> > > > demanding the cancellation of Rwanda's odious debts, had welcomed the
> > > > Bretton
> > > > Woods institutions with open arms. They needed the IMF "greenlight"
> to
> > boost
> > > > the
> > > > development of the military.
> > > > >Despite the austerity measures, defense
> > > > expenditure continued to grow. The 1990-94 pattern had been
> reinstated.
> > The
> > > >
> > > > development loans granted since 1995 were not used to finance the
> > country's
> > > >
> > > > economic and social development. Outside money had again been
> diverted
> > into
> > > >
> > > > financing a military buildup, this time of the Rwandan Patriotic Army
> > (RPA).
> > > > And
> > > > this build-up of the RPA occurred in the period immediately preceding
> > the
> > > > outbreak of civil war in former Zaire.Civil War in the Congo
> > > > >Following the installation of a US client
> > > > regime in Rwanda in 1994, US trained Rwandan and Ugandan forces
> > intervened
> > > > in
> > > > former Zaire --a stronghold of French and Belgian influence under
> > President
> > > >
> > > > Mobutu Sese Seko. Amply documented, US special operations troops --
> > mainly
> > > > Green
> > > > Berets from the 3rd Special Forces Group based at Fort Bragg, N.C.--
> > had
> > > > been
> > > > actively training the RPA. This program was a continuation of the
> > covert
> > > > support
> > > > and military aid provided to the RPA prior to 1994. In turn, the
> tragic
> > > > outcome
> > > > of the Rwandan civil war including the refugee crisis had set the
> stage
> > for
> > > > the
> > > > participation of Ugandan and Rwandan RPA in the civil war in the
> > > > Congo:
> > > > >"Washington pumped military aid into Kagame's
> > > > army, and U.S. Army Special Forces and other military personnel
> trained
> > > > hundreds
> > > > of Rwandan troops. But Kagame and his colleagues had designs of their
> > own.
> > > > While
> > > > the Green Berets trained the Rwandan Patriotic Army, that army was
> > itself
> > > > secretly training Zairian rebels.? [In] Rwanda, U.S. officials
> publicly
> >
> > > > portrayed their engagement with the army as almost entirely devoted
> to
> > human
> > > >
> > > > rights training. But the Special Forces exercises also covered other
> > areas,
> > > >
> > > > including combat skills? Hundreds of soldiers and officers were
> enrolled
> > in
> > > > U.S.
> > > > training programs, both in Rwanda and in the United States?
> [C]onducted
> > by
> > > > U.S.
> > > > Special Forces, Rwandans studied camouflage techniques, small-unit
> > movement,
> > > >
> > > > troop-leading procedures, soldier-team development, [etc]? And while
> the
> >
> > > > training went on, U.S. officials were meeting regularly with Kagame
> and
> > > > other
> > > > senior Rwandan leaders to discuss the continuing military threat
> faced
> > by
> > > > the
> > > > [former Rwandan] government [in exile] from inside Zaire? Clearly,
> the
> > focus
> > > > of
> > > > Rwandan-U.S. military discussion had shifted from how to build human
> > rights
> > > > to
> > > > how to combat an insurgency? With [Ugandan President] Museveni's
> > support,
> > > > Kagame
> > > > conceived a plan to back a rebel movement in eastern Zaire [headed by
> > > > Laurent
> > > > Desire Kabila] ... The operation was launched in October 1996, just a
> > few
> > > > weeks
> > > > after Kagame's trip to Washington and the completion of the Special
> > Forces
> > > > training mission? Once the war [in the Congo] started, the United
> States
> >
> > > > provided "political assistance" to Rwanda,? An official of the U.S.
> > Embassy
> > > > in
> > > > Kigali traveled to eastern Zaire numerous times to liaise with
> Kabila.
> > Soon,
> > > > the
> > > > rebels had moved on. Brushing off the Zairian army with the help of
> the
> > > > Rwandan
> > > > forces, they marched through Africa's third-largest nation in seven
> > months,
> > > > with
> > > > only a few significant military engagements. Mobutu fled the capital,
> > > > Kinshasa,
> > > > in May 1997, and Kabila took power, changing the name of the country
> to
> >
> > > > Congo?U.S. officials deny that there were any U.S. military personnel
> > with
> > > > Rwandan troops in Zaire during the war, although unconfirmed reports
> of
> > a
> > > > U.S.
> > > > advisory presence have circulated in the region since the war's
> earliest
> >
> > > > days.39American Mining Interests
> > > > >At stake in these military operations in the
> > > > Congo were the extensive mining resources of Eastern and Southern
> Zaire
> >
> > > > including strategic reserves of cobalt -- of crucial importance for
> the
> > US
> > > > defense industry. During the civil war several months before the
> > downfall of
> > > >
> > > > Mobutu, Laurent Desire Kabila basedin Goma, Eastern Zaire had
> > renegotiated
> > > > the
> > > > mining contracts with several US and British mining companies
> including
> > > > American
> > > > Mineral Fields (AMF), a company headquartered in President Bill
> > Clinton's
> > > > hometown of Hope, Arkansas.40
> > > > >Meanwhile back in Washington, IMF officials
> > > > were busy reviewing Zaire's macro-economic situation. No time was
> lost.
> > The
> > > >
> > > > post-Mobutu economic agenda had already been decided upon. In a study
> > > > released
> > > > in April 1997 barely a month before President Mobutu Sese Seko fled
> the
> > > > country,
> > > > the IMF had recommended "halting currency issue completely and
> abruptly"
> > as
> > > > part of an economic recovery programme.41 And a few months later upon
>
> > > > assuming power in Kinshasa, the new government of Laurent Kabila
> Desire
> > was
> > > >
> > > > ordered by the IMF to freeze civil service wages with a view to
> > "restoring
> > > > macro-economic stability." Eroded by hyperinflation, the average
> public
> > > > sector
> > > > wage had fallen to 30,000 new Zaires (NZ) a month, the equivalent of
> > one
> > > > U.S.
> > > > dollar.42
> > > > >The IMF's demands were tantamount to
> > > > maintaining the entire population in abysmal poverty. They precluded
> > from
> > > > the
> > > > outset a meaningful post-war economic reconstruction, thereby
> > contributing
> > > > to
> > > > fuelling the continuation of the Congolese civil war in which close
> to
> > 2
> > > > million
> > > > people have died.
> > > > >Concluding Remarks
> > > > >The civil war in Rwanda was a brutal struggle
> > > > for political power between the Hutu-led Habyarimana government
> > supported by
> > > >
> > > > France and the Tutsi Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) backed financially
> > and
> > > > militarily by Washington. Ethnic rivalries were used deliberately in
> > the
> > > > pursuit
> > > > of geopolitical objectives. Both the CIA and French intelligence were
>
> > > > involved.
> > > > >In the words of former Cooperation Minister
> > > > Bernard Debré in the government of Prime Minister Henri Balladur:
> > > > >"What one forgets to say is that, if France
> > > > was on one side, the Americans were on the other, arming the Tutsis
> who
> > > > armed
> > > > the Ugandans. I don't want to portray a showdown between the French
> and
> > the
> > > >
> > > > Anglo-Saxons, but the truth must be told."
> > > > 43
> > > > >In addition to military aid to the warring
> > > > factions, the influx of development loans played an important role in
> > > > "financing
> > > > the conflict." In other words, both the Ugandan and Rwanda external
> > debts
> > > > were
> > > > diverted into supporting the military and paramilitary. Uganda's
> > external
> > > > debt
> > > > increased by more than 2 billion dollars, --i.e. at a significantly
> > faster
> > > > pace
> > > > than that of Rwanda (an increase of approximately 250 million dollars
> > from
> > > > 1990
> > > > to 1994). In retrospect, the RPA -- financed by US military aid and
> > Uganda's
> > > >
> > > > external debt-- was much better equipped and trained than the Forces
> > Armées
> > > > du
> > > > Rwanda (FAR) loyal to President Habyarimana. From the outset, the RPA
> > had a
> > > >
> > > > definite military advantage over the FAR.
> > > > >According to the testimony of Paul Mugabe, a
> > > > former member of the RPF High Command Unit, Major General Paul Kagame
> > had
> > > > personally ordered the shooting down of President Habyarimana's plane
> > with a
> > > >
> > > > view to taking control of the country. He was fully aware that the
> > > > assassination
> > > > of Habyarimana would unleash "a genocide" against Tutsi civilians.
> RPA
> > > > forces
> > > > had been fully deployed in Kigali at the time the ethnic massacres
> took
> > > > place
> > > > and did not act to prevent it from happening:
> > > > >The decision of Paul Kagame to shoot Pres.
> > > > Habyarimana's aircraft was the catalyst of an unprecedented drama in
> > Rwandan
> > > >
> > > > history, and Major-General Paul Kagame took that decision with all
> > > > awareness.
> > > > Kagame's ambition caused the extermination of all of our families:
> > Tutsis,
> > > > Hutus
> > > > and Twas. We all lost. Kagame's take-over took away the lives of a
> > large
> > > > number
> > > > of Tutsis and caused the unnecessary exodus of millions of Hutus,
> many
> > of
> > > > whom
> > > > were innocent under the hands of the genocide ringleaders. Some naive
> > > > Rwandans
> > > > proclaimed Kagame as their savior, but time has demonstrated that it
> was
> > he
> > > > who
> > > > caused our suffering and misfortunes? Can Kagame explain to the
> Rwandan
> > > > people
> > > > why he sent Claude Dusaidi and Charles Muligande to New York and
> > Washington
> > > > to
> > > > stop the UN military intervention which was supposed to be sent and
> > protect
> > > > the
> > > > Rwandan people from the genocide? The reason behind avoiding that
> > military
> > > > intervention was to allow the RPF leadership the takeover of the
> Kigali
> >
> > > > Government and to show the world that they - the RPF - were the ones
> > who
> > > > stopped
> > > > the genocide. We will all remember that the genocide occurred during
> > three
> > > > months, even though Kagame has said that he was capable of stopping
> it
> > the
> > > > first
> > > > week after the aircraft crash. Can Major-General Paul Kagame explain
> why
> > he
> > > >
> > > > asked to MINUAR to leave Rwandan soil within hours while the UN was
> > > > examining
> > > > the possibility of increasing its troops in Rwanda in order to stop
> the
> >
> > > > genocide?44
> > > > >Paul Mugabe's testimony regarding the shooting
> > > > down of Habyarimana's plane ordered by Kagame is corroborated by
> > > > intelligence
> > > > documents and information presented to the French parliamentary
> > inquiry.
> > > > Major
> > > > General Paul Kagame was an instrument of Washington. The loss of
> > African
> > > > lives
> > > > did not matter. The civil war in Rwanda and the ethnic massacres were
> an
> >
> > > > integral part of US foreign policy, carefully staged in accordance
> with
> > > > precise
> > > > strategic and economic objectives.
> > > > >Despite the good diplomatic relations between
> > > > Paris and Washington and the apparent unity of the Western military
> > > > alliance, it was an undeclared war between France and America. By
> > supporting
> > > > the
> > > > build up of Ugandan and Rwandan forces and by directly intervening in
> > the
> > > > Congolese civil war, Washington also bears a direct responsibility
> for
> > the
> > > > ethnic massacres committed in the Eastern Congo including several
> > hundred
> > > > thousand people who died in refugee camps.
> > > > >US policy-makers were fully aware that a
> > > > catastrophe was imminent. In fact four months before the genocide,
> the
> > > > CIAhad warned the US State Department in a confidential
> > > > brief that the Arusha Accords would fail and "that if hostilities
> > resumed,
> > > > then upward of half a million people would die". 45 This information
> was
> >
> > > > withheld from the United Nations: "it was not until the genocide was
> > over
> > > > that
> > > > information was passed to Maj.-Gen. Dallaire [who was in charge of UN
> > forces
> > > > in
> > > > Rwanda]." 46
> > > > >Washington's objective was to displace France,
> > > > discredit the French government (which had supported the Habyarimana
> > regime)
> > > > and
> > > > install an Anglo-American protectorate in Rwanda under Major General
> > Paul
> > > > Kagame. Washington deliberately did nothing to prevent the ethnic
> > > > massacres.
> > > > >When a UN force was put forth, Major General
> > > > Paul Kagame sought to delay its implementation stating that he would
> > only
> > > > accept
> > > > a peacekeeping force once the RPA was in control of Kigali. Kagame
> > "feared
> > > > [that] the proposed United Nations force of more than 5,000 troops?
> > [might]
> > > >
> > > > intervene to deprive them [the RPA] of victory".47 Meanwhile the
> > Security
> > > > Council after deliberation and a report from Secretary General
> Boutros
> > > > Boutros
> > > > Ghali decided to postpone its intervention.
> > > > >The 1994 Rwandan "genocide" served strictly
> > > > strategic and geopolitical objectives. The ethnic massacres were a
> > stumbling
> > > >
> > > > blow to France's credibility which enabled the US to establish a
> > neocolonial
> > > >
> > > > foothold in Central Africa. From a distinctly Franco-Belgian colonial
> > > > setting,
> > > > the Rwandan capital Kigali has become --under the expatriate Tutsi
> led
> > RPF
> > > > government-- distinctly Anglo-American. English has become the
> dominant
> > > > language
> > > > in government and the private sector. Many private businesses owned
> by
> > Hutus
> > > >
> > > > were taken over in 1994 by returning Tutsi expatriates. The latter
> had
> > been
> > > >
> > > > exiled in Anglophone Africa, the US and Britain.
> > > > >The Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA) functions in
> > > > English and Kinyarwanda, the University previously linked to France
> and
> > > > Belgium
> > > > functions in English. While English had become an official language
> > > > alongside
> > > > French and Kinyarwanda, French political and cultural influence will
> > > > eventually
> > > > be erased. Washington has become the new colonial master of a
> > francophone
> > > > country.
> > > > >Several other francophone countries in
> > > > Sub-Saharan Africa have entered into military cooperation agreements
> > with
> > > > the
> > > > US. These countries are slated by Washington to follow suit on the
> > pattern
> > > > set
> > > > in Rwanda. Meanwhile in francophone West Africa, the US dollar is
> > rapidly
> > > > displacing the CFA Franc -- which is linked in a currency board
> > arrangement
> > > > to
> > > > the French Treasury.
> > > > ________________________________
> > > > Notes
> > > > (Endnote
> > > > numbering as in the original chapter) 1. Written in 1999, the
> following
> > text
> > > > is Part II of Chapter 5
> > > > on the Second Edition of The Globalization of Poverty and the New
> World
> >
> > > > Order. The first part of chapter published in the first edition was
> > written
> > > >
> > > > in 1994. Part II is in part based on a study conducted by the author
> > and
> > > > Belgian
> > > > economist Pierre Galand on the use of Rwanda's 1990-94 external debt
> to
> > > > finance
> > > > the military and paramilitary.
> > > > > 2. Africa Direct, Submission to the UN Tribunal on Rwanda,
> > > > > 1.
http://www.junius.co.uk/africa-direct/tribunal.html Ibid.
> *
> > Africa's
> > > > New Look, Jane's Foreign Report, August 14,
> > > > 1997.
> > > > > * Jim Mugunga, Uganda foreign debt hits Shs 4 trillion, The
> > > > Monitor, Kampala, 19 February 1997.
> > > > > * Michel Chossudovsky and Pierre Galand, L'usage de la
> > > > dette exterieure du Rwanda, la responsabilité des créanciers, mission
>
> > > > report, United Nations Development Program and Government of Rwanda,
> > Ottawa
> > > > and
> > > > Brussels, 1997.
> > > > > * Ibid
> > > > > * Ibid
> > > > > * ibid, the imports recorded were of the order of kg. 500.000
> > > > of machetes or approximately one million machetes.
> > > > > * Ibid
> > > > > * Ibid. See also schedule 1.2 of the Development Credit
> > > > Agreement with IDA, Washington, 27 June 1991, CREDIT IDA 2271 RW.
> > > > > * Chossudovsky and Galand, op cit
> > > > > * Ibid.
> > > > > * Ibid. * World Bank completion report,
> > > > > * quoted in Chossudovsky and Galand, op cit.
> > > > > * Ibid
> > > > > * Ibid
> > > > > * See World Bank, Rwanda at
> > > > > 2.
http://www.worldbank.org/afr/rw2.htm. * Ibid, italics added
>
> > > > > * A ceiling on the number of public employees had been set at
> > > > 38,000 for 1998 down from 40,600 in 1997. See Letter of Intent of the
> > > > Government
> > > > of Rwanda including cover letter addressed to IMF Managing Director
> > Michel
> > > > Camdessus, IMF, Washington,
> >
http://www.imf.org/external/np/loi/060498.htm, > > > > 1998.
> > > > > * Ibid.
> > > > > * Lynne Duke Africans Use US Military Training in Unexpected
> > > > Ways, Washington Post. July 14, 1998; p.A01.
> > > > > * Musengwa Kayaya, U.S. Company To Invest in Zaire,
> > > > Pan African News, 9 May 1997.
> > > > > * International Monetary Fund, Zaire Hyperinflation
> > > > 1990-1996, Washington, April 1997.
> > > > > * Alain Shungu Ngongo, Zaire-Economy: How to Survive On a
> > > > Dollar a Month, International Press Service, 6 June 1996.
> > > > > * Quoted in Therese LeClerc. "Who is responsible for the
> > > > genocide in Rwanda?", World Socialist website at
> > > >
http://www.wsws.org/index.shtml, 29
> > > > April 1998.
> > > > > * Paul Mugabe, The Shooting Down Of The Aircraft Carrying
> > > > Rwandan President Habyarimama , testimony to the International
> > Strategic
> > > > Studies
> > > > Association (ISSA), Alexandria, Virginia, 24 April 2000.
> > > > > * Linda Melvern, Betrayal of the Century, Ottawa
> > > > Citizen, Ottawa, 8 April 2000.
> > > > > * Ibid
> > > > > * Scott Peterson, Peacekeepers will not halt carnage, say
> > > > Rwanda, rebels, Daily Telegraph, London, May 12, 1994.
> > > >
> > > > UT UNUM SINT
> > > >
> > > > Maître Innocent TWAGIRAMUNGU, DHR FOUNDER&OWNER
> > > >
http://fr.groups.yahoo.com/group/democracy_human_rights > > > >
> > > >
> > > > " BE NICE TO PEOPLE ON YOUR WAY UP, BECAUSE YOU MIGHT MEET THEM ON
> YOUR
> > WAY
> > > > DOWN." Jimmy DURANTE.
> > > >
> > > > COMBATTONS la haine SANS complaisance, PARTOUT et avec Toute
> > ENERGIE!!!!!!
> > > > Let's rather prefer P.L.H.L ,Peace, Love , Hope and Life, and get
> > together
> > > > as one!!!
> > > > Inno TWAGIRA
> > >
> >
> >
> >
