Afrique: quand la croissance économique ne change rien à la pauvreté
L'Expansion.com avec AFP - publié le 01/10/2013 à 18:13
L'économie africaine devrait croître de 5 % en moyenne cet année, mais les Africains se sentent toujours aussi pauvres. De quoi se demander si ces chiffres sont exacts, selon certains observateurs.Imprimer
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La Sierra Leone enregistre une croissance de 21,3% en 2012 grâce à la découverte de nouveaux gisements pétroliers.
REUTERSLa croissance économique spectaculaire de l'Afrique laisse toujours de côté près la moitié des habitants du continent, qui continuent à vivre dans l'extrême pauvreté, selon un sondage conduit dans 34 pays et publié mardi à Johannesburg.
L'économie africaine devrait croître en moyenne de près de 5% cette année, mais "satisfaire les besoins de base quotidiens reste un défi majeur pour la majorité des Africains", a commenté Afrobaromètre, dont des agents locaux ont interrogé plus de 51.000 personnes entre octobre 2011 et juin 2013.
Les résultats de ce vaste sondage confirment des études publiées ces derniers mois, notamment par la Banque mondiale et le Fonds monétaire international (FMI), selon lesquelles les impressionnants taux de croissance enregistrés dans de nombreux pays africains (par exemple +21.3% en Sierra Leone en 2012), depuis quelques années n'ont pas permis de faire reculer la pauvreté de façon significative. Et l'Organisation de l'ONU pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture (FAO) a encore rappelé mardi que la faim recule de pair avec la pauvreté dans le monde, notant que 21% de la population du continent a faim, l'Afrique sub-saharienne accusant "le niveau de sous-alimentation le plus élevé" de la planète avec 223 millions de personnes affamées de façon chronique.
Les taux de croissance rapportés sont-ils effectifs?
Afrobaromètre constate que de nombreux Africains manquent toujours d'eau et de nourriture, n'ont pas un accès suffisant aux soins et sont souvent à court d'argent: la moitié des personnes interrogées ont dit qu'elles manquaient de temps en temps de vivres, d'eau potable ou de médicaments. Une personne interrogée sur cinq dit être confrontée à des pénuries fréquentes. L'Afrique de l'Ouest et de l'Est sont les plus touchées, tandis que les Nord-Africains en ont signalé le moins.
Les plus hauts niveaux de pauvreté ont été mesurés au Burundi, en Guinée, au Niger, au Sénégal et au Togo, tandis que l'Algérie et Maurice sont les moins affectés. "Soit la croissance économique n'est pas retombée sur les citoyens ordinaires pour se traduire par une réduction de la pauvreté ... (soit) il y a lieu de se demander si les taux de croissance rapportés sont effectivement réalisés", 53% des Africains estimant que la situation économique de leur pays est mauvaise, s'interroge Afrobaromètre.
Et la tendance est à la stabilité, selon l'enquête: 32% des personnes interrogées disent que leurs conditions de vie se sont améliorées dans les douze mois précédents contre 33% qui ont vu une détérioration, les 34% restants n'ayant constaté aucun changement. Les gens les plus pauvres habitent dans les zones où les gouvernements n'ont pas construit d'infrastructures de base: "Les données montrent des corrélations significatives entre l'accès aux réseaux électriques, de canalisations d'eau et d'autres services de base et les plus forts niveaux de pauvreté vécue", constate Afrobaromètre, qui ajoute que le faible niveau d'instruction a également une grande influence sur la pauvreté.
La pauvreté serait en baisse très légère
"La pauvreté a baissé très, très légèrement", constate quand même Robert Mattes, l'un des responsables d'Afrobaromètre qui dirige le centre de recherche sur la démocratie en Afrique à l'Université du Cap (UCT). Il constate notamment des améliorations au Cap Vert, au Ghana, au Malawi et en Zambie. La situation s'est aussi nettement améliorée au Zimbabwe, ce qu'Afrobaromètre a attribué au "dividende de la paix" apportée par la formation d'un gouvernement d'union nationale entre 2009 et 2013, après une décennie de troubles politiques et de difficultés économiques.
A contrario, la pauvreté a progressé en Afrique du Sud, au Botswana, au Mali, au Sénégal et en Tanzanie.
Les chercheurs d'Afrobaromètre exhortent en conséquence les gouvernements du continent à porter leurs efforts sur la réduction de la pauvreté plutôt que de se focaliser simplement sur la croissance de leurs économies."Les investissements dans l'éducation et les infrastructures peuvent être l'un des moyens les plus efficaces pour que les gains économiques atteignent les citoyens les plus pauvres du continent", suggèrent-ils.
Un continent qui attire les investissements
L'Afrique est pourtant un continent de plus en plus attractif. La part des investissement directs étrangers mondiaux est passée de 3,2% en 2007 à 5,6% en 2012, d'après le cabinet d'audit EY. Si les projets d'investissement des pays développés ont considérablement diminué, cette baisse est compensée par les investissements des marchés émergents. Depuis 2007, les projets d'investissement en provenance des marchés émergents ont augmenté de plus de 21% au total. Les plus grands investisseurs sont l'Inde (237 projets), l'Afrique du Sud (235), la Chine (152), le Kenya (113), le Nigeria (78), l'Arabie Saoudite (56) et la Corée du Sud (57), précise EY.
@yahoogroupes.fr, "e_karangw" <
e_karangw@...> a écrit :
>
> Rwanda to grow by 7.4% over four years, says IMF
> By Eugene Kwibuka October 02, 2013
> L-R: Ministry of Finance Permanent Secretary and Secretary to the Treasury, Pichette Sayinzoga Kampeta, IMF team leader Paulo Drummond and central bank governor John Rwangombwa after the news briefing yesterday. The New Times/ John Mbanda.
> Rwanda's economy will grow at an average real GDP growth of 7.4 per cent each of the next four years, starting this year, but upside factors may bring more growth than the forecasted rates.
>
> The forecast was made through a shared assessment between the visiting International Monetary Fund (IMF) team and officials from the Government of Rwanda.
>
> The experts said that without considering any new factors that may still play in favour of higher growth than the current forecasts— such as projected increases in foreign direct investments (FDI), a growing tourism industry, expected increase in exports, and potential resumption of aid flows— Rwanda's economy is guaranteed to grow at 7.4 per cent over the four years given its current performance.
>
> "Growth over the medium-term is expected to reflect the start of a transition from domestic demand driven, public sector led, aid-reliant growth toward growth that is increasingly driven by net exports, the private sector, including increased FDI inflows, and the government's own resources," the IMF's mission, led by Paulo Drummond, said at the conclusion of its review trip to the country yesterday.
>
> The delegation noted that even if Rwanda's economic growth slowed to 5.9 percent during the first half of 2013 as the government adjusted to a shortfall in donor budget support, improvements in terms of trade, greater exchange rate flexibility, and a drawdown of foreign reserves helped mitigate the economic impact of lower aid flows.
>
> "Looking ahead, the macroeconomic outlook points to a pick-up in growth in the second half of 2013 as domestic demand recovers with the resumption of aid flows," the team said in a statement.
>
> The IMF, in consultation with government economists haa projected that economic growth for the year 2013 will be at 6.6 per cent, then 7.5 per cent in 2014, 7.6 per cent in 2015, and 8 per cent in 2016.
>
> The projections essentially mean that the government's plan to attain 11.5 per cent growth look unachievable.
>
> Conservative estimates
>
> But the Permanent Secretary and Secretary to the Treasury, Pichette Sayinzoga Kampeta, said the government's 11.5 growth ambition remains feasible.
>
> She cited plans outlined in the country's second Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy (EDPRS2) among the upside factors that may lead to the realisation of the set economic growth target.
>
> Kampeta said that she hoped Rwanda's economy will grow beyond the 7.4 per cent projection, adding that IMF's estimates are always "conservative" to help countries maintain prudent monetary policies.
>
> "There are large public investments that will help us reach where we want to be," she said.
>
> At the cost of about Rwf10 trillion over the next five years, the EDPRS 2 is planned for implementation between 2013 and 2018 and is expected to deliver the country to a middle income status.
>
> The economy is set to grow at an average 11.5 per cent during EDPRS 2 implementation and the country's GDP per capita is projected to increase from the current $644 to $1,240 by the year 2020.
>
> Through EDPRS 2, Rwanda looks to make the private sector the main driver of the economy by taking advantage of improved infrastructure, continued political stability, and good governance.
>
> Rwanda, which is no longer eligible for IMF's financial assistance because it has maintained a stable and sustainable macroeconomic position, has requested and obtained services of the Fund's Policy Support Instrument (PSI).
>
> Through its PSI programme, the IMF reviews economic policies of client countries and advises them on how to boost their public sector management, strengthen their financial sectors, and build up their social safety nets.
>
>
>
>
> --- Dans
Democracy_Human_Rights@yahoogroupes.fr, "e_karangw" <e_karangw@> a écrit :
> >
> >
> > Rwanda rail project on track to bridge Africa's economic divide
> >
> > The $13.5bn line between Kigali and Mombasa in Kenya is one of several African projects aimed at improving infrastructure
> >
> > Kigali in Rwanda
> > Rwanda's capital, Kigali. The 1,824-mile rail link to Mombasa would be a boon to a country reliant on narrow, poorly maintained roads. Photograph: Getty
> >
> > Hundreds of lorries trundle through the Rwanda-Tanzania border every hour, damaging Rwanda's narrow hilly roads. A $13.5bn (£8.4bn) railway project linking the Kenyan port of Mombasa to Kigali, the Rwandan capital, cannot come soon enough for Silas Lwakabamba, Rwanda's minister of infrastructure.
> >
> > "The trucks carry too much load, they end up spoiling the road," he said. "Rail will be faster and can carry more. Maintenance of rail will be much easier."
> >
> > The 1,824-mile (2,935km) line is one of several big infrastructure projects on the continent, reflecting renewed global interest among policymakers after years of focusing on health and education. Besides the Mombasa-Kigali rail link, a seven-year initiative to connect Niger and Ivory Coast is to begin next year as part of efforts to improve rail infrastructure in west Africa.
> >
> > The railway would link Niamey, the capital of landlocked Niger, with the Ivorian commercial hub of Abidjan, via the capital of Burkina Faso, Ouagadougou, after the extension of mining activities in west Africa.
> >
> > Dams are also back in fashion. Ethiopia is pressing ahead with its Grand Renaissance dam to the consternation of Egypt, which fears that the project will curb its water supply. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, work is scheduled to start on Inga III, a $20bn project.
> >
> > "Infrastructure is critical for development," said Lwakabamba. "For the transport sector, we need roads, rail and air, they are all very critical for economic development. And we can't do anything without energy."
> >
> > Rwanda is also involved in the Rusumo falls hydroelectric project to increase power supply of electricity to the national grids of Burundi, Rwanda, and Tanzania, a project backed by the International Development Association, the World Bank's soft loan arm, and the African Development Bank.
> >
> > Africa accounts for just 3% of global trade and African countries trade 10% of their goods with each other, compared with 65% between European countries. Landlocked countries are hit particularly hard by poor infrastructure, paying up to 84% more to export their goods than a coastal country. Improving regional markets in Africa would have a significant impact on economic development and poverty reduction.
> >
> > The continent's infrastructure needs are huge, but financing levels are only half the estimated $93bn needed annually between now and 2015 to sustain 7% growth rates. Infrastructure is the key issue around plans for a development bank by Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa – known as the Brics.
> >
> > The Mombasa-Kigali link is getting attention at the highest level. Leaders from Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda have been meeting regularly on the project and plan to discuss financing next month in Kigali. Funding has been secured from China for the $3.7bn Mombasa-Nairobi section, a distance of 500km, and construction is due to begin in November.
> >
> > The 125-mile Rwanda section will cost $1.5bn and Rwanda is still lining up financing. The line will be used to carry coffee, tea and other agricultural products and minerals out of Rwanda and machinery into the country. The railway will be designed for freight (speeds of 50mph) but will be open for other passenger travel too.
> >
> > The Mombasa-Kampala-Kigali railway project entails a 736-mile rail from Mombasa through Nairobi to Malaba and branching to Kisumu (Kenya); an 870-mile rail from Malaba to Kampala, Uganda and linking to four Ugandan towns before connecting to the main line to Rwanda at Mirima Hills; a 125-mile rail from Mirima Hills to Kigali and an extra 93-mile rail to other towns in Rwanda.
> >
> > The existing railway between Mombasa and Kampala dates to the colonial era, and has a small gauge. The new line will have a standard gauge, which is wider, and therefore faster and capable of carrying heavier loads. Rwanda will build its section from scratch as there is no existing line.
> >
> > The project is unlikely to receive support from UK taxpayers as the Department for International Development (DfID) has withdrawn £21m in general budget support – direct aid to the Rwandan government – shifting it to sector support, focusing on health and education.
> >
> > The decision was taken after allegations that Rwanda was supporting M23 rebels in the east of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
> >
> > "We do respect decision of the UK government," said Lwakabamba. "We obviously prefer budget support as it allows us a degree of flexibility on priorities. The UK concentrates more on education and social areas."
> >
> >
> > --- Dans
Democracy_Human_Rights@yahoogroupes.fr, "e_karangw" <e_karangw@> a écrit :
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > Rwanda's track record on achieving the UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are impressive, with targets met in almost all areas, writes Louis Michel.
> > >
> > > Louis Michel is former Foreign Minister of Belgium, former European Commissioner for Development and Humanitarian Aid, and current member of the European Parliament. This opinion piece was first published in Belgian newspaper Le Soir and De Standaard.
> > >
> > > As world leaders meet in New York this week to shape the post-2015 development agenda, they can take confidence from how the Millennium Development Goals have mobilised national and global efforts to improve the lives of the planet's poorest people. Progress has, of course, not been uniform. But this must not take away from the spectacular advances of the last 13 years.
> > >
> > > The focus provided by the MDGs has been vital in delivering these positive outcomes. But we have also seen the critical importance of individual governments framing policies and priorities to drive forward this agenda. Environmental challenges, for example, require a global response. But this response also needs each country to play its part in order not to undermine collective efforts.
> > >
> > > I believe this principle of mutual accountability must be at the heart of the post-2015 framework. Without this collective responsibility, solidarity loses its meaning.
> > >
> > > Few countries have had as much success in delivering the MDGs than Rwanda, a country I have visited many times. These achievements stem from a determination to use them to develop an ambitious but concrete programme rooted in the principle of shared responsibility with the international community and within Rwandan society itself.
> > >
> > > It is this approach that has enabled Rwanda to rebuild a sovereign state - without which development cannot take place – and a transformed economy at the service of its citizens. The results are impressive. Rwanda will be one of the very few countries in Africa that can claim to have reached almost all the MDGs by 2015.
> > >
> > > In less than ten years, a million people have been lifted out of extreme poverty. Annual economic growth has been averaged at 8%. More than 95% of children now have access to a full cycle of primary education. Infant mortality is down 61%, while three quarters of the population have access to drinking water. It is a society, too, where nearly 50% of women have access to contraception and women, following the recent election, make up 64% of MPs, the highest proportion in the world.
> > >
> > > But Rwanda has also shown its determination to address the new challenges of the future. As I said on many occasions, urban development is one of the most important issues of the coming decades with three out of four of the world population living in urban areas by 2025.
> > >
> > > In Rwanda this trend has already resulted in a tripling of the urban population in the last two decades. So the country deserves credit for placing sustainable urban planning at the heart of its development strategy and as an engine of its goal of economic transformation. The country also has a framework of solid and transparent land legislation that guarantees women's rights in particular.
> > >
> > > Rwanda has demonstrated how agreed goals and determined action can deliver real improvements for a country's citizens. I hope its example can provide a positive inspiration to the international community as they decide the sustainable economic, social and environment goals which will drive our collective efforts to build a fairer and prosperous world over the next 15 years.
> > >
> > > --- Dans
Democracy_Human_Rights@yahoogroupes.fr, Theodore Mpatswenumugabo <tmpatswe@> a écrit :
> > > >
> > > > Attention! Il faut nuancer!!
> > > > Le marché s'organise aussi et c'est le rôle de la politique économique. La discussion devrait donc se situer à ce niveau. Aussi, rien ne nous dit que ce sont les producteurs qui tirent profit des prix élevés et plus particulièrement ceux pratiqués en Ouganda. Car il ne faut pas oublier que production et exportation ce sont deux fonctions différentes. Je me serais plutôt attendu à un peu plus de précision sur ce qu'il conviendrait de faire pour que aussi bien le producteur que le consommateur ne soient victimes de la situation.
> > > > Il convient par ailleurs de rappeler que la mission principale des pouvoirs politiques est de chercher le bien-être du citoyen. Je pense donc qu'il faut élever le débat. Sinon, le marché a bon dos! Dans la discussion, je pense qu'il faut surtout se demander ce que les pouvoirs publiques peuvent faire pour influer sur les déterminants du prix. On doit notamment se demander ce qu'il conviendrait de faire pour échapper à la dictature de la météo sur la production.
> > > > Il me semble que le projet PNAP y avait réussi dans la mesure où la production de la pomme de terre n'était plus tributaire de la pluviométrie. Que s'est-il passé pour que cet acquis disparaisse? Je crois que c'est ce genre de question qu'il conviendrait de se poser,...
> > > > Merci de l'attention.
> > > > Theo.
> > > >
> > > > ________________________________
> > > > De : e_karangw <e_karangw@>
> > > > À :
Democracy_Human_Rights@yahoogroupes.fr > > > > Envoyé le : Jeudi 19 septembre 2013 18h47
> > > > Objet : *DHR* Re : Intandaro y’ibura ry’ibirayi mu gihugu
> > > >
> > > >
> > > >
> > > > Article intéressant. On comprend pourquoi le prix de la pomme de terre a grimpé de façon spéctaculaire sur les marchés rwandais. C'est l'effet d'une diminution de l'offre due à l'exportation sur le marché Ougandais, une pluviosité insuffisante et la rareté des terres cultivables. ce sont donc les forces du marché qui déterminent le prix. On ne vois pas de facteur politique comme la volonté du gouvernemnt d'appauvrir les paysans. Bien au contraire les paysans profitent des prix plus élevés sur le marché Ougandais. Si le gouvernement juge la situation nécessaire, il pourrait subventionner les producteurs pour que le prix chargé aux consommateurs rwandais soit plus abordable.
> > > > EK
> > > > --- Dans
Democracy_Human_Rights@yahoogroupes.fr, Jean Bosco Sibomana <sibomanaxyz999@> a écrit :
> > > > >
> > > > > Intandaro y'ibura ry'ibirayi mu gihugu
> > > > > Auteur : Umurengezi
> > > > > Regis<
http://www.izuba-rirashe.com/c-58-umurengezi-regis.html>
> > > > > 5
> > > > > 501
> > > > > 18/09/2013
> > > > >
> > > > > <
http://www.addthis.com/bookmark.php?v=300&winname=addthis&pub=ra-512f60067661b723&source=tbx-300&lng=nl&s=hyves&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.izuba-rirashe.com%2Fm-2721-intandaro-y-ibura-ry-ibirayi-mu-gihugu.html&title=Izuba%20Rirashe&ate=AT-ra-512f60067661b723/-/-/523afea510586e3c/2/5167bb4dc2ed146a&frommenu=1&ips=1&uid=5167bb4dc2ed146a&ct=1&pre=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.izuba-rirashe.com%2F&tt=0&captcha_provider=nucaptcha>
> > > > > *Toni 200 z'ibirayi byo mu Rwanda zoherezwa muri Uganda
> > > > > (Ifoto/Umurengezi R)
> > > > >
> > > > > *
> > > > >
> > > > > Muri iki gihe ibirayi birarya umugabo bigasiba undi kuko byabuze ku masoko
> > > > > yo mu Rwanda, ndetse na bike bibonetse bikaba byoherezwa muri Uganda.
> > > > >
> > > > > Amakuru aturuka mu Ntara y'Amajyaruguru ari nayo ihingwamo ibirayi byinshi
> > > > > mu gihugu, aremeza ko benshi mu bahinzi babyo bateye umugongo isoko ryo mu
> > > > > Rwanda.
> > > > >
> > > > > Ubuyobozi bw'umuryango w'abahinzi n'aborozi mu Ntara y'Amajyaruguru "Uruga
> > > > > Imbaraga" buremeza ko toni zisaga magana abiri z'ibirayi bivuye mu Rwanda
> > > > > zigemurwa mu gihugu cy'abaturanyi cya Uganda buri cyumweru.
> > > > >
> > > > > Bamwe mu bacuruzi b'ibirayi ku mupaka wa Cyanika uhuza u Rwanda na Uganda,
> > > > > babwiye ikinyamakuru Izuba rirashe ubwo cyabasuraga, ko iyo babigejeje muri
> > > > > Uganda ahitwa Kisolo, Kassese na Kampala babigurisha ku giciro gikubye
> > > > > kabiri icyo mu Rwanda.
> > > > >
> > > > > Uwitwa Manizabayo Theo agira ati "Ibirayi bituruka mu Rwanda by'umwihariko
> > > > > ibyitwa Kinigi i Bugande birakunzwe cyane, nta Mugande ushobora kurya
> > > > > ibindi uretse ibituruka mu Rwanda kuko biryoha, iyi niyo mpamvu ituma iyo
> > > > > tubigejejeyo twongera amafaranga kandi bakayaduha nta kibazo".
> > > > >
> > > > > Muri iyi minsi ikilo cy'ibirayi ku masoko atandukanye mu Rwanda kiri
> > > > > kuboneka ku mafaranga ari hagati ya 250 na 300, igiciro abaguzi batangaza
> > > > > ko kibabangamiye cyane, ndetse bakemeza ko nta kindi gihe ibirayi byigeze
> > > > > bihenda nk'iki. Mukamusoni Dancilla yabwiye Izuba Rirashe ati "Ibirayi
> > > > > bisigaye biribwa n'abifite twe twahisemo kubireka"
> > > > >
> > > > > Ikilo cy'ibirayi by'Ibinyarwanda muri Uganda ngo bakigurisha amashilingi
> > > > > ibihumbi bibiri (2000) ahwanye n'amafaranga y'u Rwanda 500. Uku kwikuba
> > > > > kabiri kw'igiciro ibirayi bibonekeraho mu Rwanda ngo kukaba ariko gituma
> > > > > abacuruzi b'ibirayi bahanga amaso muri Uganda, bagatera umugongo amasoko yo
> > > > > mu Rwanda.
> > > > >
> > > > > Hagati aho bamwe mu baturage batuye mu Kinigi ho mu karere ka Musanze
> > > > > ahantu hazwiho kwera igihingwa cy'ibirayi cyane, babwiye ikinyamakuru Izuba
> > > > > Rirashe ko abafite ubutaka bwa "paysanans" bategetswe n'ubuyobozi guhinga
> > > > > ibireti aho basanzwe bahinga ibirayi, iyi nayo ikaba yiyongera mu mpamvu
> > > > > zatumye ibirayi bibura mu gihugu.
> > > > >
> > > > > Ku rundi ruhande ariko Gafaranga Yozefu uyobora umuryango w'abahinzi
> > > > > n'aborozi mu Ntara y'Amajyaruguru "Uruga Imbaraga", avuga ko n'ikibazo
> > > > > cy'izuba ryacanye mu mpera za Mata 2013, cyagize ingaruka zikomeye ku
> > > > > birayi ku masoko, kuko imvura yabuze mu gihe kingana n'ukwezi, bikarumba.
> > > > >
> > > > > Gafaranga Yosefu mu kiganiro n'ikinyamakuru Izuba Rirashe yagize ati " Mu
> > > > > turere twa Musanze, Burera, Nyabihu na Rubavu habuze imvura kandi ibirayi
> > > > > byari bigeze mu gihe cyo kuzana uruyange (indabo) kandi iyo ibirayi bigize
> > > > > ikibazo bigeze muri icyo gihe uko byagenda kose nta musaruro bitanga.
> > > > > Kubera iki kibazo aho umuhinzi yari gusarura toni 20 yahasaruye toni 2".
> > > > >
> > > > > Gafaranga Yozefu akomeza atangaza ko mu gukemura iki kibazo, hatekerejwe
> > > > > ku ngamba zirambye harimo gukangurira abahinzi b'ibirayi begereye amazi
> > > > > kujya babisukira cyangwa se babivomera mu gihe cy'izuba kuko no mu bihugu
> > > > > nka Burukinafaso na Mali abahinzi basukira ibirayi iyo babuze imvura kandi
> > > > > bakabona umusaruro ushimishije.
> > > > >
> > > > > Ibi bisobanuye ko ibirayi byarumbye, hanyuma na bike bibonetse bikagemurwa
> > > > > cyane cyane muri Uganda.
> > > > >
> > > > > SIBOMANA Jean Bosco
> > > > > Google+:
https://plus.google.com/110493390983174363421/posts> > > > > YouTube Channel:
http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL9B4024D0AE764F3D> > > > >
http://www.youtube.com/user/sibomanaxyz999> > > > >
> > > >
> > > >
> > > >
> > > >
> > > > ------------------------------------
> > > >
> > > >
http://fr.groups.yahoo.com/group/Democracy_Human_Rights> > > >
> > > >
https://twitter.com/itwagira> > > >
> > > >
https://www.facebook.com/itwagiramungu> > > >
> > > > Maître Innocent TWAGIRAMUNGU
> > > > DHR FOUNDER&OWNER
> > > > Tél.mobile: 0032- 495 48 29 21
> > > >
> > > >
> > > > UT UNUM SINT
> > > >
> > > > "L'extrémisme dans la défense de la liberté n'est pas un vice; La modération dans la poursuite de la justice n'est pas une vertu".
> > > >
> > > > "Extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice; moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue." (USA,Republican Convention 1964,Barry Morris Goldwater (1909-1998)).
> > > >
> > > > "Le monde ne sera pas détruit par ceux qui font le mal mais par ceux qui regardent et refusent d'agir", Albert EINSTEIN.
> > > >
> > > > Les messages publiés sur DHR n'engagent que la responsabilité de leurs auteurs.
> > > >
> > > > CONSIDERATION, TOLERANCE, PATIENCE AND MUTUAL RESPECT towards the reinforcement of GOOD GOVERNANCE,DEMOCRACY and HUMAN RIGHTS in our states.
> > > >
> > > > Liability and Responsibility: You are legally responsible, and solely responsible, for any content that you post to DHR. You may only post materials that you have the right or permission to distribute electronically. The owner of DHR cannot and does not guarantee the accuracy of any statements made in or materials posted to the group by participants.
> > > >
> > > > " BE NICE TO PEOPLE ON YOUR WAY UP, BECAUSE YOU MIGHT MEET THEM ON YOUR WAY DOWN." Jimmy DURANTE.
> > > >
> > > > COMBATTONS la haine SANS complaisance, PARTOUT et avec Toute ENERGIE!!!!!!
> > > > Let's rather prefer Peace, Love , Hope and Life, and get together as one!!! Inno TWAGIRA
> > > > Liens Yahoo! Groupes
> > > >
> > > >
> > > >
> > > >
http://info.yahoo.com/legal/fr/yahoo/utos/terms/> > > >
> > >
> >
>
------------------------------------
http://fr.groups.yahoo.com/group/Democracy_Human_Rightshttps://twitter.com/itwagirahttps://www.facebook.com/itwagiramunguMaître Innocent TWAGIRAMUNGU
DHR FOUNDER&OWNER
Tél.mobile: 0032- 495 48 29 21
UT UNUM SINT
"L'extrémisme dans la défense de la liberté n'est pas un vice; La modération dans la poursuite de la justice n'est pas une vertu".
"Extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice; moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue." (USA,Republican Convention 1964,Barry Morris Goldwater (1909-1998)).
"Le monde ne sera pas détruit par ceux qui font le mal mais par ceux qui regardent et refusent d'agir", Albert EINSTEIN.
Les messages publiés sur DHR n'engagent que la responsabilité de leurs auteurs.
CONSIDERATION, TOLERANCE, PATIENCE AND MUTUAL RESPECT towards the reinforcement of GOOD GOVERNANCE,DEMOCRACY and HUMAN RIGHTS in our states.
Liability and Responsibility: You are legally responsible, and solely responsible, for any content that you post to DHR. You may only post materials that you have the right or permission to distribute electronically. The owner of DHR cannot and does not guarantee the accuracy of any statements made in or materials posted to the group by participants.
" BE NICE TO PEOPLE ON YOUR WAY UP, BECAUSE YOU MIGHT MEET THEM ON YOUR WAY DOWN." Jimmy DURANTE.
COMBATTONS la haine SANS complaisance, PARTOUT et avec Toute ENERGIE!!!!!!
Let's rather prefer Peace, Love , Hope and Life, and get together as one!!! Inno TWAGIRA
Liens Yahoo! Groupes
<*> Pour consulter votre groupe en ligne, accédez à :
http://fr.groups.yahoo.com/group/Democracy_Human_Rights/<*> Vos options mail :
Mail individuel | Traditionnel
<*> Pour modifier vos options avec le Web, allez sur :
http://fr.groups.yahoo.com/group/Democracy_Human_Rights/join ((Compte Yahoo! requis)
<*> Pour modifier vos options par mail :
Democracy_Human_Rights-digest@yahoogroupes.fr Democracy_Human_Rights-fullfeatured@yahoogroupes.fr<*> Pour vous désincrire de ce groupe, envoyez un mail à :
Democracy_Human_Rights-desabonnement@yahoogroupes.fr<*> L'utilisation de Yahoo! Groupes est soumise à l'acceptation des :
http://info.yahoo.com/legal/fr/yahoo/utos/terms/
5 octobre 2013
Politiki