Darious Magara - newvision.co.ug, December 15, 2013
http://www.newvision.co.ug/mobile/Detail.aspx?NewsID=628264&CatID=1
The outgoing Forum for Democratic Change (FDC) party president Dr. Kizza Besigye has said he will not contest against President Yoweri Museveni again.
The retired colonel's decision comes against a background of three unsuccessful consecutive attempts (2001, 2006 and 2011) to beat his closest rival Museveni for the country's top job.
Besigye also ruled out the use of armed force to oust the ruling National Resistance Movement (NRM) party and its leader Museveni from power, with a belief that armed force could capture power but could later stray away from its original mission of liberation.
'Dictator'
"I have said it before that I cannot stand for president when Mr. Museveni is the sitting head of state because he is a dictator. If we are to have elections in 2016, I will not stand as long as Museveni is in power," Besigye, once a personal physician of Museveni during the 1980-86 guerilla war, stressed.
"All we shall do as the opposition is to fight to dislodge President Museveni's dictatorial regime. We can achieve this not as FDC party but as a broad force of the opposition," he was firm.
Besigye made these remarks on Monday while addressing the party's weekly press briefing at its headquarters in Najjanakumbi, Kampala.
"We are pushing for the masses to cause change by themselves in order to change the state of their own affairs," he said.
`No dialogue'
Besigye, who made headlines in both local and international media for clashing with security forces during last year's walk-to-work protests, also distanced himself from any engagement in peace talks with Museveni. In fact, he said he had not been contacted by anybody on the matter.
"I cannot talk with Museveni. We have no personal problem, and if we have to talk, we shall use the established national structures between him and the opposition parties. I have no personal issues with Mr. Museveni."
Can still stand
He explained that his bowing out of the party presidency does not bar him from contesting as the FDC presidential flag bearer in 2016 elections, but still, it is up to him to decide.
"I am free to contest but it will be up to me to decide whether to contest or not. Any member of the FDC party can contest as long as the party clears him or her as its presidential flag bearer," he clarified.
Besigye said he visited Mulago hospital last week and found the condition appalling. "You find children dying due to lack of medicine and personnel to serve them and the picture of Mulago represents what is in other national hospitals."
He said the population is suffering and lacking social services when a few government officials are squandering national resources with impunity.
__._,_.___
Sunday, 15 December 2013
Uganda:I will not contest against Museveni again, Besigye said
Saturday, 14 December 2013
INGANDO Z’ABANYESHURI MU RWANDA ZIKOMEJE KWEREKANA KO PS IMBERAKURI IMAZE GUSHEGESHA FPR
INGANDO Z'ABANYESHURI MU RWANDA ZIKOMEJE KWEREKANA KO PS IMBERAKURI IMAZE GUSHEGESHA FPR.
Nkuko bimaze iminsi bivugwa mu Rwanda, abanyeshuri bose barangije amashuri yisumbuye, muri uyu mwaka wa 2013, boherejwe mu ngando ngo kwigishwa gukunda igihugu. Umuntu yakwibaza impamvu abanyarwanda basigaye bagera aho bigishwa gukunda igihugu cyabo. Igisubizo nta kindi, FPR ifite ubwoba ko abanyarwanda bari hafi kuyisezerera none isigaye ibeshya ko yigisha gukunda igihugu, ariko ukuri nuko FPR iri kwigisha abanyarwanda kuyikunda, naho u Rwanda rwo rusanzwe rukundwa n'abanyarwanda.
Intore za Gisagara
Uyu munsi kuri site zose ziri kuberamo izi ngando, cyane cyane kuri stade ya Nyamirambo, abayoboye izo nyigisho, biriwe bigisha ibya « Ndi umunyarwanda ». Urubyiruko ruri muri ayo masomo basabwe guhaguruka bakarwanya abanyarwanda ngo baba hanze, kubera ko ngo harimo abanzi benshi b'u Rwanda.
Amakuru Ikaze Iwacu ikesha bamwe mu barimu bari kwigisha urwango urubyiruko, aravuga ko abo banyeshuri FPR yasabye ko batangira gukora ibikorwa bikurikira:
- Kurwanya bashyizemo umwete FDLR, bityo ngo bakaba basabwa kwitabira imyitozo ya gisirikari, kandi bakitegura kumenera igihugu amaraso, ngo ni ubutwari. Bababwiye kandi ko n'uwaba afite umuvandimwe we hanze uri mu barwanya leta ngo agomba kumwibagirwa, kubera ko ari umwanzi ntaho agihuriye n'abanyarwanda.
- Gukoresha ubwenge bwabo mu guhungana n'ibitekerezo bituruka ku mbuga za Internet zo hanze, ngo nibyo bikomeye cyane. Basabye urubyiruko kurwanya rwivuye inyuma ibinyamakuru nka IKAZE IWACU, VERITAS INFO, SHIKAMA.FR, LEPROPHETE.FR, na RADIYO IMPALA iherutse gutangira ibiganiro byayo mu Rwanda. Abandi ngo bagomba kurwanya ni INDATSIMBURWA. Urubyiruko rwasabwe ngo kwitabira Facebookmaze rukavundereza ubwo burozi bari guhabwa mu ngando ku Ndatsimburwa.
- Kurwanya amashyaka ya Opposition cyane cyane, RDI RWANDA RWIZA, FDU-INKINGI, FDLR, RNC na PS IMBERAKURI ya Me Bernard Ntaganda. Si amashyaka gusa kandi, ngo bagomba no kurwanya n'abanyapoltiki buri wese ku giti cye. Mu banyapolitiki bavuzwe, hari nka FAUSTIN TWAGIRAMUNGU, PAUL RUSESABAGINA,ALEXIS BAKUNZIBAKE na PADIRI THOMAS. Ngo nibabarwanya neza, bizatuma leta itazongera gukoresha amafaranga ibarwanya, ahubwo iyakoreshe mu kubaka igihugu.
Ku byerekeye amashyaka, PS Imberakuri, yamaze gufatirwa ingamba zikaze na leta ya FPR, kubera ko hafashwe ibyemezo ko bagomba kuyirimbura, mbere y'uko Me Bernard Ntaganda afungurwa muri kamena 2014.
Amakuru Ikaze Iwacu ikesha inzego z'igipolisi cy'u Rwanda, avuga ko muri gahunda FPR Inkotanyi, hari kwifashishwa inzego z'umutekano zigomba gukora iyo bwabaga kugira ngo zifunge abayobozi b'ishyaka. Izi nzego ubu zatangiye akazi, kubera ko ubu bamwe mu nzego z'umutekano barangajwe Imbere naMWESIGWA Robert bakomeje gutera ubwoba abarwanashyaka b'ishyaka ngo bemere babahe amamiriyoni, ariko bashinje ibyaha mpimbano umuyobozi w'ishyaka wungirije bwana BAKUNZIBAKE Alexis ndetse bajye banabatungira urutoki aho ari, kuko akomeje kubera leta ya Kigali ikibazo.
Ibyo kandi bigaragazwa n'ubutumwa bugufi bwo kuri terefone izo nzego zikomeje koherereza abarwanashyaka b'ishyaka PS Imberakuri. Amakuru kandi akaba avuga ko uwo muyobozi azagirwa nk'uko umuyobozi wa FDU Inkingi Mme INGABIRE UMUHOZA Victoire yagizwe ubwo yashinjwaga ibyaha mpimbano, ndetse akagerekwaho abamushinja ubutegetsi bwemeza ko bakoranaga.
Ikibazo nyamukuru kikaba ari uburyo Ishyaka ry'Imberakuri rikomeje kugaragaza amakosa y'ubutegetsi. Ibi kandi na none bikaba bikurikira ifungwa rya bwana Jean Baptiste Icyitonderwaumunyamabanga mukuru ushinzwe ubukangurambaga ufungiye muri gereza ya Gasabo kubera kwifatanya n'abandi bakandikira minisiteri w'intebe, ubu kandi akaba ahozwa ku nkoni acibwa imigani ngo arimo kumenyerezwa, mu gihe abandi bari bafunganywe mbere, aribo Irakoze Jeny Flora, Ntakirutimana Emmanuel na Hitimana Samuel, barimo guhigwa bukware.
Aba ba polisi kandi ubu bakwije za maneko hirya no hino ngo zibahigire izi mpirimbanyi za demokarasi. Amakuru akomeza ko ubu mu Rwanda nta muntu ukizera undi, uhereye ko ku biherutse kuri Hitimana Samuel twavuze haruguru mu bahigwa. Mu minsi ishize ubwo Samuel yari yihishe ku musore yita ko ari inshuti ye yamubeshye ko agiye kumuzanira Fanta, nuko Samuel abonye atinze yigira inama yo gusohoka munzu maze yihisha ku ruhande maze mu gihe gito abona haje abapolisi bane kumufata bahageze baramubura, kuko yari yababonye mbere.
Irakoze Flora, nawe nuko byagenze kuko yaririwe amafaranga yo kumufata na mwene wabo, maze kuko Imana itajya itererana abayisunga, asimbuka gereza gutyo. Kuba umwana asigaye agambanira umubyeyi, umubyeyi akagambanira umwana muri iki gihe ntabwo bitangaje kuko abahanuzi ndetse n'abemera Imana bavuze ko mu marembera y'ingoma ya FPR, ibi byose bizaba, kandi ubutegetsi bwa FPR bukoresha amafaranga mu guteranya abavandimwe bikaba bije bisanga ubukene n'inzara bikabije bitigeze bibaho ku bazi amateka y'igihugu cyacu.
Inzego z'umutekano zikaba zifite umugambi wo guta muri yombi aba bose ndetse n'umuyobozi wungirije wa PS Imberakuri bwana BAKUNZIBAKE Alexis, kuko ngo nubwo zamukuye ku batumijwe na polisi byari mu rwego rwo kumureka ngo abone ko nta kibazo maze nizimuca urwaho zizahite zimuta muri yombi kubera ko yamaze gutegurirwa dosiye ndende.
Inzego z'umutekano kandi zibifashijwemo na polisi ikorera kuri station ya Remera zifite gahunda yo kugenza Imberakuri yose aho iva ikagera kuko ubutegetsi bwa FPR busanga nta yandi mahitamo bufite usibye kuzifunga ku buryo umu CID witwaAthanase agenda yigamba ko azava mu gihugu, aruko Imberakuri kimwe n'undi wese unenga leta abarizwamo, yabamaze; ko adakeneye kuzongera kurwara amavunja, icyakora akaba abyifuriza abandi.
Umuntu ahereye kuri ibi biri kwigishwa urubyiruko, ukongeraho iyi migambi mibisha yafatiwe PS IMBERAKURI, yavuga u Rwanda rutakiri igihugu cyo kubamo. Ubwo rero Imberakuri ndetse n'abandi bose batavuga rumwe na FPR, bagombye nabo gufata indi migambi, bagahagarika izi gahunda za FPR. Nibatinda FPR izamarira abanyarwanda ku icumu, kandi ubanza atari byo bifuza.
Ngendahayo Damien
Fw: Re : Re: *DHR* Re : Makuza ni imbwa kuva kera
On Saturday, 14 December 2013, 16:39, Anastase Gasana <gasana31@gmail.com> wrote:
Banyaruguga,Nyakwigendera Ministre Makuza Anastase ntabwo yari umunyakigari ngali kavukire. Yari kavukire wo muri Komine Kinyamakara ku Gikongoro. Mu gihe cyo kwamamaza parti de l'emancipation hutu, Perezida Kayibanda yamushinze kuyamaza muri Kigali Ngali kuko nta muntu wize icyo gihe wari uhari ari emergant ngo ahamushinge. Ni uko Makuza Anastase yabaye umudepute wa Perefegitura ya Kigali kuko ariho yatorerwaga n'abaturage baho bari bamuzi kuva muri 1959-1960 kuko ari we wazagaza kubakoresha inama za sensibilisation kw'ishyaka.Nyuma hari abandi bimukira baje muri Kigali nka Nyakwigendera Minisitiri Nkezabera Damien wavukaga i Save muri Butare. Nawe yagiye ku malisiti y'abiyamamarizaga abudepute muri Kigali Ngali. Makuza Anastase kubera ko yabarushaga amajwi bose mu baturage kandi buri gihe,baje kumugirira ishyari ribi cyane bakajya bamucongera kwa Perezida Kayibanda no muri secretariat excecutif ya PARMEHUTU baramujujubya kuburyo yagezaho agahitamo kubabisa agasubira iwabo i Kinyamakara muri Gikongoro. Ajya kugenda yaragize ati: "Ndatashye Makuza ndatashye iwacu i Kinyamakara, jye ngiye habona ariko mwe muzahihiza ari ni joro". Ageze iwabo kw'ivuko yagiye kuri liste y'abiyamamariza ubudepute ku Gikongoro ari ubwambere ariko kubera ko yari icyamamare ababana uwambere naho.Coup d'Etat ya le 5/7/1975 yabaye ari Minisitiri wa Minisiteri abantu basuzuguraga yitwaga Minisiteri y'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, ari n'umudepute wa Perefegitura y'iwabo ku Gikongoro(nibutse ko abamucongeye kwa Kayibanda batarabikora, yari yarabaye mu buryo bukurikiranye: Minisitiri w'Ubutabera, Minisititri w'Uburezi na Minisitiri w'Ubucuruzi n'inganda). Kuba rero Coupt d'Etat yarabaye atakiri kw'ibere kandi uwayikoze yari mugenzi we w'umuminisitiri abizi neza, byatumye aticwa hamwe na ba Munyaneza Augustin (Minaffet), Minani Frodual (Mininfor), Nzanana Fidele(Minifin), Harerimana(Minagri) n'abandi bose muzi ntiriwe ndondora. Kuva ubwo(1975) Makuza Anastase yigumiye iwabo i Kinyamakara.Icyo ubutegetsi bwa Repubulika ya kabiri bwakoreye Anastase Makuza kibi n'uko muri 1978 bwamushyize kuri lisiti yakozwe na services de renseignements zayoborwaga na Lizinde Theoneste, listi y'abo bise icyo gihe mu Rwanda hose "abagomba gusubizwa ubwoko bwabo"; byavugaga abatutsi bahindije ubwoko bakigira abahutu none services de renseignements zikaba zarabatahuye zikaba zigiye kubasubiza ubwoko bwabo zibambura carte d'identes zanditsemo HUTU zikabaha izanditsemo TUTSI. Makuza Anastase ni uko byamugendekeye muri 1978. Ubutegetsi bwa repubulika ya kabiri bwamwambuye carte d'identite y'ubuhutu, bumuha iy'ubututsi kuko ngo bwari bwarakoze iperereza bugasanga ari umututsi wari warahinduje ubwoko akigira umuhutu. Si we wenyine cette chasse a l'homme yagezeho , hari na Ndwaniye w'i Save i Butare wari Secretaire- Depute w'Inteko ishinga amategeko muri 1975, hari na Munyangaju Aloys wigeze kuba Visi-Perezida w'Urukiko rw'ikirenga, n'abandi benshi.Icyo jye mbona Makuza Micheli murimo mujyaho impaka hano yadufasha, ni ukutubwira niba koko ari abatutsi bigeze guhinduza ubwoko bakaba abahutu kubera ibihe uko byari byifashe icyo gihe kuko atari bo bonyine byabayeho. Hari abahutu bihutuye bahinduza ubwoko bigira abatutsi ku ngoma ya Cyami yari imereye nabi abahutu kugirango bobone baramuka; hari abatutsi bahinduje ubwoko bigira abahutu ku ngoma ya Repubulika ya mbere n'iya kabiri nabo ari ukugirango babe batera kabiri; ubu hari abahutu bigize cyangwa se bigira abatutsi kugirango babone baramuka bagerageza gusunika iminsi yabo yo kubaho. Makuza Anastase niba ariko byaba byaramugendekeye nta kibazo abana be baramutse babivugishije ukuri kuko abanyarwanda bo mu moko yombi bahuye na bene icyo kibazo ndetse na nubu bagihura nacyo ari benshi cyane, abazwi, abatazwi ubu n'ababashije kwihisha mu bandi burundu batazigera bamenyekena.Anastase Gasana.2013/12/14 Rwema Yvan <rwemay@yahoo.fr>
From: Zac Biampa <zac.biampa@yahoo.fr>;
To: Democracy_Human_Rights@yahoogroupes.fr <Democracy_Human_Rights@yahoogroupes.fr>;
Subject: Re: *DHR* Re : Kirazira gutekereza kwa Kagame
Sent: Sat, Dec 14, 2013 12:24:25 PM
"Numvise ko ku ngoma ya Habyarimana, nyuma ya 1990, Makuza yatotejwe.." (Guillame Murere)
Mwa bantu mwe, Aha!!!Muri1990 Anastase Makuza yari yarapfuye...yatotejwe se na Saint Pierre cyangwa Nyagasani ubwe?
Le Samedi 14 décembre 2013 12h38, Rwembe Charlie <rwembe6030@yahoo.fr> a écrit :
Ibi bintu by'intebe ya penitensiya yo mu ruhame/confession publique ku mabwiriza ya Ndi umunyarwanda aho bucyera birahinduka urweenya/hysterie publique... bityo biritesha agaciro ubwabyo.
Mujye mwibuka gusengera kiriya gihugu cy'abakurambere kuko kigeze kure! Nta shyano nko gutegekwa n'abasazi nka Kagame.
Getting Rwanda Wrong
Some wars are about environmental scarcity. And some are just wars.
On first impression, the genocide in Rwanda presented a perfect illustration of the violent consequences of environmental stress. Rwanda had too many people relying for their existence on too little land. Deforestation, erosion and overcultivation had caused an agricultural crisis in a country almost completely reliant on agriculture. Food and water shortages, and the attendant migration, strained social relations between groups. For analysts perceiving African societies as anarchic worlds, it seemed inevitable that simmering tribal hostilities – in this case between the Hutu and the Tutsi – would erupt.
The interpretation fitted the tenor of the times. The genocide occurred just two months after the appearance of Robert Kaplan’s influential Atlantic Monthly article, “The Coming Anarch.” The article attributed the violence in Liberia, Senegal, and other West African states to environmental degradation and population growth, and predicted the spread of violence across Africa into other developing countries. It gained the attention of the top levels of the U.S. administration and infiltrated received wisdom on the causes of conflict in the developing world. Both U.S. President Bill Clinton and Vice President Al Gore read and cited Kaplan’s apocalyptic tale.
Kaplan himself made the connection for Rwanda. “The Rwandan civil war is military, political and personal in its execution; but these activities are playing out in a particular context: a merciless struggle for land in a peasant society whose birthrates have put an unsustainable pressure on it.” International policy makers, their attention focused on the approaching United Nations’ Cairo Conference on Population and Development, picked up the theme. Time magazine called Rwanda “a crucible full of explosives that nations watching from a comfortable distance have no idea how to hand. War itself is redefined…. When the environment – soil, water, scarce natural resources – become the spoils that cause neighbours to kill neighbours.”
This commentary is too simplistic, interpreting African conflicts as tribal reactions to environmental scarcities. African societies such as Rwanda, are as complex and nuanced as Western Societies. To understand conflicts like the Rwandan genocide, we must examine all the issues motivating the conflict’s actors. In the case of Rwanda, environmental degradation and population pressures, though they were critical development issues, had only a limited, aggravating role in the violence. It was the insecurity of Rwanda’s Hutu elite, its fear of losing its grip on power, that caused it to target and slaughter its enemies.
The recent violence in Rwanda had its origins in the October 1990 attack by the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) from its bases in Uganda. Predominantly of Tutsi origin, many of the members of the RPF were refugees, or descendants of refugees, who fled Rwanda during the postcolonial establishment of a Hutu-dominated government in the early 1960’s.
The attack was timed to exploit increasing domestic opposition to the Hutu regime of President Juvénal Habyarimana. A “structural adjustment policy”, forced upon the country by international lenders, was causing economic hardship. Pressure for democratization, in what was still a one-party state ruled by a military regime, was growing. Soon after the civil war began, drought struck, further adding to the stresses on the Habyarimana regime.
By 1992, the RPF controlled a significant portion of northern Rwanda. With pressure on his regime increasing, Habyarimana agreed in April, 1992, to begin talks with the RPF, and to introduce a multiparty system and a coalition government. But he immediately began to undermine both the democratization and peace process by conspiring with the two political parties that he controlled, forming militias known as the Interahamwe (those who attack together) and the Impuzamugambi (those who have the same goal). The two groups received weapons from the army and killed hundreds of civilians, most of them Tutsi, suspected of antigovernment activities.
On July 31, 1992, a precarious cease-fire took effect in the war, and negotiations between the RPF and the government began in earnest in Arusha, Tanzania. Talks concluded in August 1993, with the Arusha Accords, an agreement to form a broad-based transitional government. Habyarimana would remain president during the transition period, but specified ministerial positions would go to members of the RPF and other opposition political parties. Elections were scheduled to take place twenty-two months thence, and the RPF and the Rwandan army were to be combined to form a smaller, united national army.
On April 6, 1994, Habyarimana’s plane exploded in the skies above the capital city of Kigali. Although those responsible for Habyarimana’s death have never been identified, Belgian peacekeapers reported seeing two rockers fired towards his plane from the vicinity of a camp belonging to the Rwandan Presidential Guard and army commandos. (Many members of the Habyarimana regime had been unhappy with the Arusha Accords because they gave the RPF too much power.) The Presidential Guard, the army, the Interahamwe, and the Impuzamugambi used the death of Habyarimana as an excuse to launch a long-planned and systematic extermination of Tutsi and of regime opponents. They killed about 1-million of the country’s 7.5 million people.
The RPF responded with an offensive from the north; by July it had taken control of most of the country and established an interim government. Members of the former Habyarimana government, the army, and the militias fled to Zaire and Tanzania where they joined more that 2-million other refugees, mostly Hutu fearing reprisals.
The camps have degenerated in turn. The Hutu militias are firmly in control. Food from relief agencies has been stolen and sold to buy weapons. Those who have expressed a desire to return to Rwanda have been threatened, or killed. The Tutsi-dominated interim government in Rwanda, with the support of the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees, has called for the closing of the camps, hoping to rout out the militias and put an end to the conflict. But given that the militias continue to stockpile weapons and carry out military – training exercises in the camps, an escalation of the violence, and even a military offensive by Hutu forces, is more likely.
Sorting out just what role environmental pressures played in this tragedy seems, on the face of it, easy enough. Environmental scarcity – the scarcity of renewable resources like agricultural land, forests, water and fish is caused by resource degradation, population growth and inequitable resource distribution. Scarcity, in turn, produces four principal social effects: decreased agricultural potential; regional economic decline; population displacement; and the disruption of legitimized and authoritative institutions and social relations. These social effects can produce and exacerbate conflict between groups. When clear social cleavages, such as ethnicity or religion, are also at plat the probability of civil violence is even higher.
Rwanda certainly had the historical ethnic divisions necessary to mobilize grievances. The distinction between Hutu and Tutsi developed more on socioeconomic standing than on biological or cultural differences. ( A variety of criteria determined ethnic affiliation, but perhaps the greatest was the possession of cattle were Tutsi, and those who had cattle were Tutsi, and those who did not were Hutu.) Being Tutsi increasingly meant having wealth and power, while being Hutu became synonymous with subordination. Political consciousness and discontent developed among the Hutu, producing the Hutu uprisings of 1959 and eventually Rwandan independence from colonial rule in July 1962.
The perception within Rwanda that independence was an ethnic struggle between Hut and Tutsi, - a “Hutu revolution” – set the tone of politics up to the present. Independence was followed by heightened ethnic violence. Tutsi refugees fled to Uganda, Tanzania, Zaire and Burundi. Rwanda’s now Hutu-dominated government continued to sharpen ethnic divisions by issuing identity cards and by limiting employment and education opportunities for Tutsi.
By the late 1980’s, Rwanda also had an environmental crisis under way. The country had not been, historically, an environmental disaster zone. It has a moderate climate, with temperature varying according to altitude, and its central area is its bread-basket, having been settled and cultivated for centuries. It is an overwhelmingly agricultural society. Before the recent violence, ninety-five per cent of Rwandans lived in the countryside and ninety per cent of the labour force relied on agriculture as its primary means of livelihood.
Even so, Rwanda was densely populated. In 1992, its population density of roughly 290 inhabitants per square kilometre was among the highest in Africa. The population’s rapid growth exceeded the productivity growth of the country’s renewable resources. Soil fertility fell sharply, mainly because of overcultivation. Erosion, deforestation, and water scarcity became serious problems, compounded, especially in the southern regions of the country, by several droughts in the 1980’s and early 1990’s.
Environmental scarcities began to affect Rwandan society. Agricultural production suffered. In terms of per capita food production, Rwanda was transformed from one of sub-Saharan Africa’s top three performers in the early 1980’s to one of its worst in the late 1980’s. Food shortages struck the southern and western parts of the country. In 1989, 300,000 people, predominantly southerners, needed food aid due to crop failure. (The regional nature of agricultural production is crucial to any analysis of environment-conflict links in Rwanda. Farmers in the northwest were able to maintain higher productivity and to grow higher value produce, such as white potatoes. They also received favourable development investment because the northwest was President Habyarimana’s home region.)
Internal migration increased. But because the agricultural frontier was effectively closed, and urban areas had few opportunities for employment, most migrants settled on land of marginal agricultural potential – ecologically fragile upland and arid areas, hillsides, wetlands requiring drainage.
The state began to lose legitimacy. The Habyarimana government had, in the past, managed to secure a great deal of international development assistance that had allowed it both to build a sophisticated infrastructure and to maintain its support among the people. However, as noted, most of this assistance was channeled into the northwest, causing resentment in the rest of the country. The 1989 famine, and the spectre of further food shortages in 1994, also undermined popular support for a government that had long congratulated itself on the country’s self-sufficiency in food. Serious decreases in the price of coffee, which brought in ninety per cent of the country’s export earnings, and the structural adjustment policy implemented in 1990 exacerbated the country’s economic problem. Dissatisfied with the government’s increasing inability to solve the crisis, opposition parties formed and organised peaceful protests. Much of this opposition was based in the south and central parts of the country, the areas mot affected by environmental scarcity and least aided by government funding.
Environmental scarcity was unquestionably a factor in the conflict in Rwanda. But it wasn’t necessarily the cause. To determine that we must analyse all factors contributing to the conflict and the interaction of environmental scarcity with these factors.
Population pressures, decreased food production and the general lack of land and opportunity caused frustration. There were reports on increase rivalry and conflict among neighbours over land. Government propaganda attempted to capitalize on popular fear by stating that the Tutsi, in the form of the RPF, were coming to seize land. This was significant threat in a land-scarce country.
But to establish the relationship between grievances like these and violence, three conditions must be met: first, deprivation must be increasing; second, deprivation must be increasing the level of grievance; and , third, the aggrieved must participate in the violence. The first two conditions held in Rwanda, but the third did not. The southwest experienced the greatest hardship. The political opposition was based in the south. However, the area remained relatively quiet for the first few weeks after the death of Habyarimana. Only when the militias moved in and began their systematic killing of Tutsi and opposition leaders did violence overtake the south. There is no conclusive evidence that large numbers of Rwandans – especially those experiencing the severest effects of environmental scarcity – participated in the killings. And for those who did, there is substantial anecdotal evidence that they were coerced by militias and local authorities.
Nor is it clear that there are strong links between environmental scarcity, the decline of the Habyarimana regime’s legitimacy, and the outbreak of conflict. Rwanda as certainly undergoing a difficult transition from authoritarian rule of democracy. And at a critical moment, when the previous regime had lost all legitimacy yet the democratic institutions of the new regime had not fully developed , a coup d’etat occurred.
The connection between those developments, however, and environmental scarcity seems tenuous. The regime’s agreement to undertake a transition to democracy was mainly a reaction, not to domestic opposition, but to the RPF invasion and civil war. Although internal pressures for democratization, caused in part by environmental scarcity, were important, the regime appeared largely able to maintain control of the state apparatus when faced with domestic appeals for democratization. It was the Arusha Accords that threatened members of the Habyarimana regime, in particular the army and militias, who would had had to share power and wealth with the RPF.
Nor does the role played by environmental scarcity in the manipulation of Rwanda’s ethnic cleavage seem to have been critical to the outbreak of violence. Rwandan ethnic relations had long been used for political advantage, and the scarcity of environmental resources, combined with other factors, created in a context within which ethnic affiliations mattered. Since all land was state owned, and distributed to the people by the government, the Hutu controlled the country’s most important environmental resource and could use ethnicity as the key to access.
Environmental scarcity, however, did not increase the salience of ethnicity among the majority of Rwanda’s population, or even among those who were most severely affected by the scarcity. Instead, ethnicity was important among members of the elite because the predominantly – Tutsi RPF threatened the regime’s hold on power. Moreover, ethnic divisions were not the only cleavages in Rwandan society: regional cleavages were important, especially under President Habyarimana’s rule. Being a Hutu was not enough. One had to be a Hutu from the president’s northwestern region or share the sentiments of Hutu extremism, which explains the large number of moderate Hutu targeted by the militias.
The most plausible explanation of the Rwandan conflict focuses on elite or regime insecurity. In Rwanda, civil war and the Arusha Accords generated the bulk of this insecurity. The role of environmental scarcity was limited, as there were other significant factors at work. The civil war, the structural adjustment policy, the fall in coffee prices, and Rwanda’s position as a land locked country with little chance for economic diversification increased grievances, while weakening regime legitimacy and threatening its hold on power. Rising external and internal demands for democratization compounded elite insecurity by eroding its control of such institutions as the army, the police, and the bureaucracy.
Although economic malaise, in part cause environmental scarcity, had hurt the majority of Rwandans, the effects on the elite and armed forces were indirect. The Arusha Accords, however, providing as they did for a reduction in the size of the armed forces and for the integration of the RPF and the army into a new national force, were a direct threat. The transitional government outlined in the Accords was to have included not only members of the RPF but also members of domestic opposition groups. Those displaced by the Accords would have had few economic or political opportunities in either rural or urban areas. Therefore, the power and priviledge of the regime and the army were threatened in a context of economic crisis and increased political competition.
The impeding implementation of the Arusha Accords – guaranteed by Habyarimana’s final trip to Arusha – signalled the death knell for the regime’s control of the state. As he flew back, his plane was shot down, almost certainly by members of his own regime. They seized control of the state and tried to gain the support of the population by targeting members of opposition parties and Tutsi as RPF sympathizers who had to be eliminated for national security. But they underestimated the lack of popular support for their strategy and the military strength of the RPF, and were forced into the refugee camps.
The Rwanda case tells us important things about the complexity of links between environmental scarcity and conflict. Scarcity did play a role in the recent violence in Rwanda, but that role was, in the end, surprisingly limited – and not what one would expect from a superficial analysis of the case.
RWANDA: INZIRA ENYE Z’IRANGIRA RY’INGOMA Y’IGITUGU YA PAUL KAGAME NA FPR
On Saturday, 14 December 2013, 14:37, Nzinink <nzinink@yahoo.com> wrote:
INZIRA ENYE Z'IRANGIRA RY'INGOMA Y'IGITUGU YA PAUL KAGAME NA FPR.
Banyarwanda bavandimwe tuganira, igihe kirageze ko buli munyarwanda aho ali hose yumva kandi atinyuka kugaragaza ko ingoma y'iterabwoba itsikamiye abanyarwanda igomba gusenyuka byanze bikunze kandi vuba kuko bitagishobokeye abanyarwanda baba abahutu, abatutsi, abatwa n'abandi, kuyihanganira birenze ibi.Gahunda z'amayeri no kurindagiza abanyagihugu no gusesagura umutungo wa rubanda nta burenganzira bwatanzwe n'abaturage (Ndi Umunyarwanda, Ikigega Agaciro-Fund, Gusaba Imbabazi, Ngwino urebe, Rwanda day, …) nazo abaturage twazihaze kandi turasaba abaziduturaho kurekera aho kudufata nk'udukinisho kuko ejo bazabibazwa.Kubera iyo mpamvu, nifuje ko muli uyu mwanya twaganira twitonze ku nzira enye z'irangira ry'ingoma y'igitugu ya Kagame na FPR, hato tutazatungurwa igasenyuka nta ngamba twafashe z'uko twabyitwaramo maze ugasanga abanyarwanda duhindutse nk'abashinzwe kuzimya umuriro wamaze kwaka. Ubundi gutungurwa ni ikintu kibi cyane, bikarushaho kubabaza iyo byashobokaga kumenya uko bizagenda no kubyitegura kare aliko ntibikorwe.Kuba ali inzira enye zigaragazwa muli iki kiganiro si ukuvuga ko hatari ubundi buryo iyi ngoma y'igitugu cya gisilikali (military authoritarian regime) iganje mu Rwanda uyu munsi yavaho, ahubwo ni ukugira ngo habeho gutekereza kare uko twe abanyarwanda tuwabyitwaramo iramutse isenyutse mu gihe tutatekerezaga, bityo tukaba twirinze no kuzatungurwa ngo tubure uko twifata kandi Imana yaraduhaye ubwenge bwo kubitekerezaho kare.Ni ukugira kandi ngo abanyarwanda bibwiraga ko iyi ngoma ali agahora gahanze bumve neza ko bibeshya kuko n'izikomeye cyane kuyirusha ku isi zagize iherezo mu gisa n'ubufindo. Mu gutanga urugero rw'ingoma z'igitugu gikabije nk'ikili mu Rwanda kandi zari zinakomeye mu buryo bwo kwirinda aliko zikanga zigahirima mu gisa n'ubufindo, twavuga nk'ingoma y'abasovieti yamaze imyaka myinshi ikagira abaperezida benshi kuva kuli Lénine kuza ikagera kuli Michael Gorbatchev ali nawe yarangiriyeho muli 1989;Ingoma ya Jean Bedel Bokassa wari warigize umwami w'abami muli Repubulika ya Centre Afurika, Ingoma ya Maréchal El Haj Idi Amin Dada wo mu Buganda, Ingoma y'ivangura ryiswe aprtheid yo muli Afurika y'epfo yahitanye abirabura n'abandi banyagihugu benshi aliko ikanga intege zo kwica zikazayishirana igacishwa bugufi ikavaho, Ingoma ya Mengistu Haile Mariam wa Ethiopia yari iteye ubwoba n'igisirikali giteye ubwoba n'ibitwaro bikaze cyane aliko bikanga bikayirangirana, Ingoma y'uwitwa Videla wo muli Argentine wabiciye bigacika aliko ay'ubusa amaherezo kakamubaho akisanga mu maboko y'abagabo;Ingoma ya Ceoceskou wo muli Rumaniya wayoboye mu gitugu n'ikinamico bikabije muli byose aliko abaturage bakaza kuzazahzwa no kurindagizwa no kwicwa nabi bakamuzamukana kugeza ake gashobotse, Ingoma ya Mobutu Séssé Seko K. K. Ng. Wa Zabanga wo muli Zayire, Ingoma ya Ahmed Sékou Touré wo muli Gineya Konakry wari waramariye ku icumu umuntu wese wagaragazaga ko ashobora kugira ubushobozi bwo kugiora icyo ayobora kabone n'iyo kaba akana ka primaire kabonekaho ubwenge n'ubushobozi aliko amaherezo urw'ikirago rukamuvana ku izima, n'izindi nyinshi cyane zabayeho.Ibi rero biratugaragariza ko n'uwavuga ko n'iyi ngoma y'igitugu gikabije ili mu Rwanda akayo kashobotse cyangwa karaye kari bushoboke ataba yibeshye. Impamvu mvuze ko akayo kakaraye kali bushoboke ni uko izo ngoma zose zijya kurangira habanzaga kubaho ukuva mu bitotsi kwa rubanda no kwijujuta bikaze n'iyo byaba mu matamatama cyangwa mu byumba byihishe, hakabaho n'agasuzuguro gakabije k'umunyagitugu ku benegihugu no kubafata nk'ibintu (choses/objets/objects) bitagira ubwenge bitazi no kwibariza impamvu yo kugirirwa nabi.Nyuma y'ibi hakurikiragaho inkubiri yo kuvuga utavugwaga no gutangira kuvugira ahabona ubugome, ubusambo n'uburiganya bye, hakaba ubwo bitangirira mu batuye hanze y'igihugu aliko ubwo kakaba kabaye, abanyamahanga b'inshuti bamuhishiraga bagatangira kwemera ko koko ali umunyamafuti aliko ntibagire icyo bamukoraho, kugeza ubwo hose inkuru iba kimomo ko iterabwoba n'ubugizi bwa nabi alibyo biyoboye rubanda muli icyo gihugu, ubwo erega uburiganya no guhemuka k'umunyagitugu bikaba bitagishoboye kumurengera! Ngibi ibihe rero ingoma y'igitugu cya gisilikare iyobowe na Kagame n'ishyaka rye mu Rwanda iriho yinjiramo kandi yihuta cyane kuko ili ahamanuka / ku mtelemuko cyangwa se aharindimuka.Iyo bigeze aha, umunyagitugu aba asigaranye umuryango umwe wonyine wo gusohokeramo aliwo wo kwigaya akareka iterabwoba, ubwiyemezi n'ukwishaririza imbere y'abo ali kumwe nabo bose, akaba yakwegera abamubwira bakajya inama hanyuma kandi bakagira icyo bemeranya no ku kibazo cy'ibyaha biba byaragiye bikorerwa abanyagihugu, nta guca iruhande cyangwa gushaka gupfukirana no guhishira ibyabaye.Mbere y'uko mvuga inzira enye zanyuramo irangira ry'Ingoma y'igitugu n'iterabwoba ili mu Rwanda, ni byiza kubanza kubagaragariza ko uko byagenda kose iyi ngoma ishobora kurangira umutegetsi mukuru: (1) akiliho akili no ku butegetsi we n'ishyaka rye; (2) akiliho aliko avuye ku butegetsi ishyaka rye rikiburiho cyangwa se ribuvuyeho aliko rikiriho; (3) apfuye ishyaka rye rikiri ku butegetsi; apfuye n'ishyaka rye rivuye ku butegetsi cyangwa se rinasenyutse; (4) atakaje ubutegetsi akaba umuturage usanzwe; (5) atakaje ubutegetsi akaganishwa mu nzu y'imbohe; (6) afashwe n'abaturage bakamwihanira uko babyumva batamugejeje imbere y'inkiko.Ibi tuvuze ni ibishoboka kandi abanyarwanda bose bagombye gutangira kubitekerezaho no gufata ingamba z'uko babyitwaramo bigenze uku cyangwa se kuriya.Dore rero inzira enye z'isenyuka ry'Ingoma y'igitugu itsikamiye abanyarwanda muli iki gihe:Inzira ya mbere: Abategetsi b'u Rwanda bacishije make bakumva amajwi abahamagarira kurekura no kwegerana n'abandi banyarwanda mu kugena imiyoborere y'igihugu cyabo. Bakemera kubahiriza uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu no gufungura imfungwa za politiki zose. Bakemera ko habaho ubwisanzure ku ijambo n'itangazamakuru ryigenga, kandi bakemera ko impunzi zose zitaha.Bagakunda bakaganira n'abaharanira impinduka ku kibazo cy'abanyarwanda bakora umwuga wa gisilikali aho baba bawukorera hose n'uburyo bahurizwa hamwe mu kubaka ingabo z'u Rwanda zatuma umunyarwanda uwo aliwe wese yumva atazishisha. Abategetsi b'u Rwanda kandi ubwo baba bemeye gutangira kuvugana ikinyabupfura no kudakoresha ibitutsi mu mvugo ku birebana n'abanyarwanda bafite aho badatekereza kimwe nabo cyangwa se babahunze, baba bemeye gutangira kubaha abo banyarwanda bose nk'abenegihugu kandi baba bemeye gutangira kubagaragariza umutima ubashaka nk'abavandimwe. Muli iyi nzira ingoma y'igitugu n'iterabwoba iliho yahita irangira kandi nta byangiritse mu gihugu.Inzira ya kabili: Abategetsi b'u Rwanda bakomeje kunangira umutima nka Farawo no gukangisha ingufu za gisilikali nk'aho alibo bavukanye amaboko bonyine, noneho amashyaka amwe cyangwa se abanyarwanda bamwe bakegura imyambi n'amacumu rukambikana. Ili rasana ryarangira ingoma y'igitugu ili ku butegetsi ihirimye burundu kandi nta gisibya, aliko byaba hangiritse byinshi bikomeye kandi hapfuye abantu benshi cyane.Iyi nzira nayo yahita irangiza ingoma y'igitugu cya gisilikali ili ku butegetsi mu Rwanda kuli uyu munsi. Gusa byaba ngombwa kwitonda kuko abategetsi b'igihhugu bashobora kubona basumbirijwe noneho bagashora abantu mu bwicanyi bushingiye ku moko n'uturere, bityo umubare w'abapfa n'ibyangirika noneho ukiyongera birenze;Inzira ya gatatu: Abategetsi b'u Rwanda bakomeje kunangira umutima nka Farawo, noneho abaturage agahinda n'akaga bikarushaho kubazonga. Bamaze kugezwa ahabi cyane ntibaba bagishoboye kwihanganira iryo shavu ryo kubuzwa amajya n'amaza, ryo kubuzwa epfo na ruguru. Iyi nzira ifite udushami tubiri tuyishamikiyeho.Agashami (a): Iryo shavu ryahita ribashyigura rero bakazamuka nk'abariwe n'inzuki nta n'intwaro bafite ubundi umujyi n'igihugu bakabyigabiza, bakisukira ingabo n'abarinda abakuru mu gihugu induru zikavuga, amahanga agasakuza, indege n'ibitwaro by'umunyagitugu bikabamishaho ama-bombe n'urusasu aliko bikanga bikaba iby'ubusa ntibashire, bagasizora bagahatana bivuye inyuma ndetse bagashirwa basatiriye intare y'ishyamba iyo mu biti aho yicaye yigunze itegereje kumenyeshwa uko byifashe.Burya intare ishaje irigunga kuko iba itakibasha no guhiga, mbese nk'intare imaze imyaka hagati ya makumyabili na makumyabili n'itanu iba igeze habi iyo hagize igikoma biba biyicikanye. Abize ubuzima bw'inyamaswa badufasha kubyumva neza ahangaha.Agashami (b): Iryo shavu ryahita rihagurutsa umuntu umwe ku giti cye akiyemeza kwitangira abanyarwanda akahuranya Intare nkuru akayirangiza amagambo agashira ivuga ahari urugwiro rw'abasangirangendo hagakwira imbeho no gusakabaka. Uyu mutabazi ashobora kuhagwa nawe nk'uko byagendekeraga abatabazi mu mateka, kandi ashobora no kurokoka n'igikorwa yiyemeje yakirangije.Uyu muntu yaba al inde yaba ali muntu ki? yaba ali umusilikali, umupolisi, umuturage w'igitsina gore cyangwa se gabo waba agera aho Intare umwami w'ishyamba atetse ijabiro, ashobora no kuba umunyamahanga wababajwe cyane n'agahinda abanyarwanda bapfiriyemo, ndetse yaba n'umwe mu bagize umutwe urinda abakuru mu gihugu cyangwa se umwe mu bagize inzego z'ubutasi ubasha kugera aho Nyirabayazana yicaye, kandi yaba n'umwe mu nkoramutima ze basangira cyangwa se umwe mu bo mu muryango we wa hafi cyangwa se wa kure.Ashobora kuba n'undi muntu utunguranye nk'umwe mu bapfumu b'intare, abajyanama be cyangwa se abaganga be, abamucurangira mu bitaramo bidasanzwe iwe cyangwa se abamudodera n'abamupima imyambaro, abamwogosha n'abamutumikira, abatunganya n'abakanishi ba Mudasobwa ye cyangwa se abamwongorera amagambo yuzuye urwango n'ubugambanyi mu matwi bishakira indonke. Iki gikorwa kirangiye abaturage bashobora guhita batangira guhutazwa no kwicwa noneho bakisuka bakisukira ababahutaza rukambikana imihanda ikuzura induru amarira n'amaraso.Muli iyi nzira ya gatatu ishammikiyeho utuyira tubili, abaturage bamaze guhaguruka ibintu byacitse niho n'abitwaje intwaro bari hanze y'igihugu bashobora kwinjira mu kajagari bakabatera ingabo mu bitugu, yewe na bamwe mu ngabo z'igihugu n'abashinzwe umutekano halimo n'abo mu mutwe ulinda abakuru cyangwa se indi mitwe ikora imirimo yihariye, bakaba bavamo abatihanganira iyicwa-rubozo n'ihotorwa-ku bwinshi rya rubanda, maze bakeguka ku wo barwaniraga cyangwa se ku ishyaka rye n'agatsiko ke mu gihe we ubwe yaba atagihumeka umwuka w'abazima, maze bakisunga intambwe y'abababaye dore ko abo bose baba ali n'imiryango yabo bakomokamo, bikaba byumvikana ko ababo batakomeza kwicwa nk'inshishi barebera ngo aha bararengera umunyagitugu. Iyi nzira nayo yahita irangiza ingoma y'igitugu cya gisilikali ili mu Rwanda.Inzira ya kane: Bamwe mu bagize ubutegetsi bw'igihugu balimo n'intwaramuheto cyangwa se abasilikali bafatanyije na bamwe mu bali mu ishyaka riri ku butegetsi, babonye kuyobora nabi no guhinduka ruvumwa bikabije ali nako kuvunira ibiti mu matwi bikomeje kwizihira abamiragura igihugu n'imitsi y'abacyo basya umuturage nk'abasya ibigori, icyo gihe bashobora kuvamo abiyemeza gufata icyemezo cya kigabo.Ubwo bahita bitoramo abakora igikorwa cyo gukuraho ku ngufu (coup d'Eta/putsch) no gushyira akadomo ku iterabwoba n'ingoma y'igitugu. Aha nituvuga ishyaka riri ku butegetsi ntitukibagirwe ko hari abaririmo ali amaburakindi babohewemo nk'imfungwa nta n'ijambo bagira, hakaba n'abagize agatsiko k'indobanure kayoboranye n'Umwami w'Ishyamba.Si byiza gukomatanya ngo ababarizwa muli iryo shyaka bose bafatwe nk'abagizi ba nabi ! Abafashe icyemezo bamaze gukuraho ku ngufu umunyagitugu n'igitugu cye, bahita bafungura imfungwa za politiki zose, bagahamagarira bose kuza kwicarana no kujya inama kandi badaheje n'abitwaje intwaro cyangwa se indorerezi zabyifuje mu buryo bukwiye, bakirinda gusa gushaka gusimbura uwo bahiritse ahubwo bakareka abanyarwanda bose uko bicaye mu mashyaka menshi yabo alimo n'ayakoreraga hanze y'igihugu bagacocera hamwe ibibazo ibibazo bireba igihugu n'imiyoborere yacyo.Iyo nama ishobora kurangira abafashe icyemezo cyo gushyira akadomo ku iterabwoba n'igitugu bagenewe n'agashimwe ku bw'igikorwa gikomeye baba bakoreye abanyagihugu b'amoko yose. Iyi nzira nayo yahita irangiza bidasubirwaho Ingoma y'igitugu ili mu Rwanda.Mu kwanzura iyi nyandiko ndagira nti :Banyarwanda nshuti kandi bavandimwe, namwe mwese tuli kumwe muli iki kiganiro, byanshimisha dutangiye gutekereza kuli izi nzira zose, hanyuma tukibaza icyakurikiraho binyuze muli iyi cyangwa se muli iliya. Abibwira ngo ibyo kuvaho kw'iyi ngoma ni cyera cyane bo rwose bitonde kuko irangira ry'ingoma z'igitugu gikabije iteka riza nk'umujura wa mugani wa Yezu w'i Nazareti, akenshi ntiriteguza rikaba ryakwitura nk'imvura igwa itakubye cyangwa se ryaza buhoro buhoro bose barireba;uretse ko iyi mvura igiye kugwa y'isenyuka ry'igitugu n'iterabwoba mu Rwanda yo yanakubye hashize iminsi, yewe n'ibicu byayo bikaba byuzuye ikirere cy'iwacu n'icy'ahandi. Abafite amaso nibayakanurishe barebe barabibona, abafite amatwi nibayabange cyane bayatege barayumva ihinda, abafite umutima nibibaze bisubize maze bitegure kuzagenda batadandabirana mu nzira iyo aliyo yose mu zo twagaragaje.Sinifuza ko hazabaho kujagarara no gutungurwa kandi dushobora kwitegura isenyuka ry'ingoma y'igitugu muli buli yose muli izi nzira. Ku ya mbere ho ni ukwitegura kubana neza n'abandi banyarwanda cyane cyane kwihanganira no kurengera inyungu z'abo tudahuje ubwoko. Mbese tuvuge tuti niba Kagame na FPR boroshye bakemera kubaha abanyarwanda bose no kurwanya inzangano hagati y'amoko hutu/tutsi, bakemera gushyikirana no kurekura ngo bafatanye n'abatumva byose kimwe nabo mu kuyobora igihugu basangiye, icyo gihe tuzaborohera natwe abatemera imiyoborere iliho muli iki gihe mu Rwanda, maze tuzishimire kugira icyo duhurizaho twese tubyumvikanyeho.Izindi nzira eshatu zisigaye, (2), (3) na (4) zo ni indyankurye, zikaba zidusaba kwitegura cyane mu mitima mu buryo bwo kwirinda ukwihorera uko aliko kose, kwirinda ukwica amategeko uko aliko kose no kwirinda kugoreka amateka. Hakabaho rero no gufata ingamba nzima twazanyuzamo ibintu. Ningombwa kandi kwibuka ko nyuma y'iyi ngoma abanyarwanda tuzaba dufite n'umugogoro w'ibibazo bituruka ku mibanire mibi n'ibihugu by'abaturanyi yewe n'urwango hagati y'u Rwanda n'ibihugu bya kure tuzaba dusigiwe n'iyi ngoma isa n'iyiyemeje kubana nabi na bose mu gihe cyose cy'imibereho yayo.Twese dukomeze kandi kwifuza ko iliya nzira ya mbere yaziganza ikaba ariyo inyurwamo n'ugusenyuka kw'imiyoborere y'igitugu cya gisilikali iliho ubu. Ibi ndetse binajyanye no gusabira abayoboye u Rwanda muli iki gihe ngo borohe mu mutima kandi bumve amajwi atakamba banabone ibiganza bibatungira agatoki aho umuryango (Porte/portail/gate) wo gusohokeramo mu mahoro uherereye.Aliko kandi ntihabeho kwipfumbata ngo niba amarenga amaze amanonko ntacyo ubwirwa yibwiye tube twananirwa no kunyerera mu nzira zitari iyi kandi twihagazeho cyangwa se duhagaze bwuma. NI byiza kwibuka ko icyo Imana n'abakurambere badushakaho ali ukubana neza hagati yacu no hagati yacu n'abandi, no kuba intwari tukitangira kurengera inyungu z'abacu bose n'iz'isi yose binyuze mu guharanira ko habaho imiyoborere myiza mu gihugu cyacu.Sinasoza rero ntababwiye ko burya uwitoje kugenda akabyitoza gihanga, inzira yisanzemo yose yaba mbi yaba nziza, yaba yuzuyemo icyondo cyangwa yumutse neza, abasha kwirwanaho akamenya uko ayigendamo. Nimucyo rero natwe abanyarwanda twitegure kugenda mu mayira yose kugira ngo iyo tuzerekezwamo yose ntizadutonde kandi n'imiterere yayo ntizatudindize mu rugendo nk'aho tutabitekerejeho kare. Cyane cyane dutegurire imitima yacu kwakira undi no kumva ibitatworoheye kwemera ko aliko byagenze koko cyangwa se ko aliko bili koko.Basomyi b'iyi nkuru, nimunyemerere mpinire aha, mbizeza ko tukili kumwe mu biganiro byubaka.Prosper Bamara
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12 décembre 2013
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